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Usage
Copy a blank version to use. Almost all parameter names are supported only in lower case (some initialisms, such as Template:Para have upper case aliases like Template:Para, which are acceptable for use). Use the "|" (pipe) character between each parameter. Unused parameters may be deleted to avoid clutter in the edit window. Some samples on this documentation page may include the current date. If the date is not current, then purge the page.
Most commonly used parameters in horizontal format
To cite and quote an archived, two-author, foreign language press release re-published as a PDF on an information aggregation service requiring a subscription
{{cite press release
| last =
| first =
| date =
| title =
| url =
| location =
| publisher =
| agency =
| access-date =
}}
To cite a press release with no credited authorTemplate:Loop
{{cite press release
| author = <!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->
| title =
| url =
| format =
| location =
| publisher =
| agency =
| date =
| access-date =
}}
To cite an online press release that you have archived
{{cite press release
| last =
| first =
| title =
| url =
| url-status =
| location =
| publisher =
| agency =
| date =
| archive-url =
| archive-date =
| access-date =
}}
To cite a press release written in a foreign language
{{cite press release
| last =
| first =
| date =
| title =
| trans-title =
| url =
| language =
| location =
| agency =
| publisher =
| access-date =
}}
To cite and quote an archived, two-author, foreign language press release re-published as a PDF on an information aggregation service requiring a subscription
or use |last=
or use |first=
or use |author-link=
or use |editor-last=
or use |editor-first=
or use |editor-link=
|url-status=live if pre-archiving a url; |url-status=dead if url is dead
For non-HTML formats e.g. PDF, XLS, DOC, PPT etc.
Omit this parameter - "Press release" displays automatically
Spanish, Chinese, Russian, Portuguese, etc.
Illustrator or other contributor type and name e.g. Illustrated by Gahan Wilson
Location named at the beginning of a press release e.g. Omaha, Nebraska
The organization that published the press release
Page number of relevant information; if populated can not use |pages or |at
Pages of relevant information; if populated can not use |page or |at
Placement of relevant information; if populated can not use |page or |pages
Date the main url was archived
Overridden by |subscription
If populated, |registration will not display
Opening and closing quotation marks display automatically.
Used in HARV and SFN referencing styles
If a field name is listed in the Prerequisites column, it is a prerequisite for the field to the left.
Examples
Full parameter set in horizontal format
A press release with a credited author
{{cite press release |last=Roithmayr |first=Mark |date=February 5, 2007 |title=Autism Speaks and Cure Autism Now Complete Merger |url=http://autismspeaks.org/press/autism_speaks_can_complete.php |location=New York |publisher=Autism Speaks |access-date=November 19, 2007}}
{{cite press release |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Sprint 4G LTE Lights Up in 11 New Cities and Counties in Indiana, Kansas, Maryland, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Virginia and West Virginia |url=http://newsroom.sprint.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=2468 |location=Overland Park, Kansas |publisher=Sprint Nextel |date=November 26, 2012 |access-date=November 28, 2012}}
{{cite press release |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Burberry Uses iPhone 5s To Capture Spring / Summer 2014 Runway Show |url=http://www.burberryplc.com/media_centre/press_releases/2013/burberry-uses-iphone-5s-to-capture-spring--summer-2014-runway-show |url-status=live |location=Cupertino, California and London |publisher=Burberry Group |date=September 13, 2013 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6KPzNEAeQ |archive-date=October 15, 2013 |access-date=November 15, 2013}}
{{cite press release |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=General Motors de México Refuerza Su Compromiso con el Medio Ambiente y Realiza un Año Más Actividades de Reforestación |trans-title=General Motors of Mexico Marks Its Commitment to the Environment and Marks One Year of Reforestation Activities |url=http://media.gm.com/content/media/mk/en/chevrolet/news.detail.html/content/Pages/news/mx/es/2013/Aug/0820-reforestacion.html |language=Spanish |location=Mexico City, Mexico |publisher=General Motors Company |date=August 20, 2013 |access-date=October 16, 2013}}
A two author press release that you quote and archive, is written in a foreign language and has been re-published as a PDF on an information aggregation service requiring a subscription
{{cite press release |last1=Thompson |first1=Walter |last2=Mittlebrun |first2=Angela |date=June 15, 1990 |title=Das Internet ist selbstverständlich nicht auf Fang |trans-title=The Internet Will Not Catch On |url=http://forschungsinstitut.de/internet.html |url-status=live |format=PDF |language=German |location=Bonn, Germany |publisher=Forschungs Institut Stiftung |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6KPzNEAej |archive-date=August 17, 2012 |access-date=August 17, 2012 |via=[[HighBeam Research]] |url-access=subscription |quote=Internet-Nutzung wird erwartet, dass für den Rest des Jahrzehnts zurückgehen.}}
Thompson, Walter; Mittlebrun, Angela (June 15, 1990). "Das Internet ist selbstverständlich nicht auf Fang" [The Internet Will Not Catch On] (PDF) (Press release) (in German). Bonn, Germany: Forschungs Institut Stiftung. Archived from the original on August 17, 2012. Retrieved August 17, 2012 – via HighBeam Research. Internet-Nutzung wird erwartet, dass für den Rest des Jahrzehnts zurückgehen.
If target page is not a template, then use {{R from shortcut}} instead.
Template shortcuts are Wikilinked on community pages, talk pages and edit summaries, but not in mainspace articles. Transclusions in mainspace are common and do not need to be "fixed".
Note:Template talk pages are in a talk namespace; they are not in the template namespace. All shortcuts to talk pages should be tagged with {{R from shortcut}}.
When appropriate, protection levels are automatically sensed, described and categorized.
As a general rule, only one data item per parameter. Do not include explanatory or alternate text:
Use of templates within the citation template is discouraged because many of these templates will add extraneous HTML or CSS that will be included raw in the metadata. Also, HTML entities, for example , –, etc., should not be used in parameters that contribute to the metadata.
COinS metadata is created for these parameters
Note: This table of metadata is displayed for all Citation Style 1 templates. Not all of these parameters are supported by every CS1 template. Some of these parameters are mutually exclusive, some are aliases of another parameter, and some require other parameters to be present. Please refer to each template's documentation for a full list of supported parameters, their aliases, and their dependencies.
if the source named by these parameters is important to the Wikipedia article, create a cs1|2 template for that source with all of the appropriate bibliographic information
last: Surname of a single author. Do not wikilink—use author-link instead. For corporate authors or authors for whom only one name is listed by the source, use last or one of its aliases (e.g. Template:Para). Aliases: surname, author, last1, surname1, author1.
author: this parameter is used to hold the complete name of a single author (first and last) or to hold the name of a corporate author. This parameter should never hold the names of more than one author. Do not wikilink—use author-link instead.
first: Given or first names of author; for example: Firstname Middlename or Firstname M. or Firstname M., Sr. Do not wikilink—use author-link instead. Aliases: given, first1, given1. Requires last; first name will not display if last is empty.
OR: for multiple authors, use last1, first1 through lastn, firstn, where n is any consecutive number for an unlimited number of authors (each firstn requires a corresponding lastn, but not the other way around).
If target page is not a template, then use {{R from shortcut}} instead.
Template shortcuts are Wikilinked on community pages, talk pages and edit summaries, but not in mainspace articles. Transclusions in mainspace are common and do not need to be "fixed".
Note:Template talk pages are in a talk namespace; they are not in the template namespace. All shortcuts to talk pages should be tagged with {{R from shortcut}}.
When appropriate, protection levels are automatically sensed, described and categorized.
Aliases: surname1, given1 through surnamen, givenn, or author1 through authorn. For an individual author plus an institutional author, you can use Template:ParaTemplate:ParaTemplate:Para.
author-link: Title of existing Wikipedia article about the author—not the author's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: author-link1, author1-link, authorlink.
OR: for multiple authors, use author-link1 through author-linkn. Aliases: author1-link through authorn-link.
name-list-style: accepts a limited list of keywords as value; when set to amp, ampersand, or &, inserts an ampersand between the last two names in a name list; when set to and, inserts the conjunction 'and' between the last two names of a name list; when set to vancdisplays name lists in Vancouver style when the lists use the last/first forms of name parameters.
vauthors: comma-separated list of author names in Vancouver style; enclose corporate or institutional author names in doubled parentheses. End with etal if appropriate:
author-link and author-mask may be used for the individual names in Template:Para as described above
authors: Free-form list of author names; use of this parameter is discouraged because it does not contribute to a citation's metadata; not an alias of last.
translator-last: Surname of translator. Do not wikilink—use translator-link instead. Aliases: translator-surname, translator1, translator1-last, translator-last1.
translator-first: Given or first names of translator. Do not wikilink—use translator-link instead. Aliases: translator-given, translator1-first, translator-first1.
OR: for multiple translators, use translator-last1, translator-first1 through translator-lastn, translator-firstn, where n is any consecutive number for an unlimited number of translators (each translator-firstn requires a corresponding translator-lastn, but not the other way around). Aliases: translator1-last, translator1-first through translatorn-last, translatorn-first, or translator1 through translatorn.
translator-link: Title of existing Wikipedia article about the translator—not the translator's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: translator-link1, translator1-link.
OR: for multiple translators, use translator-link1 through translator-linkn. Aliases: translator1-link through translatorn-link.
collaboration: Name of a group of authors or collaborators; requires author, last, or vauthors listing one or more primary authors; follows author name-list; appends "et al." to author name-list.
others: To record other contributors to the work, including illustrators. For the parameter value, write Illustrated by John Smith.
Note: When using shortened footnotes or parenthetical referencing styles with templates, do not use multiple names in one field, or else the anchor will not match the inline link.
title: Title of source. Can be wikilinked to an existing Wikipedia article or url may be used to add an external link, but not both. Displays in italics. If script-title is defined, use title to hold a Romanization (if available) of the title in script-title.
script-title: Original title for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc.); not italicized, follows italicized Romanization defined in title (if present). Must be prefixed with one of the script-<param>= language codes|supported language codes to help browsers properly display the script:
trans-title: English translation of the title if the source cited is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets after title. Use of the language parameter is recommended.
Titles containing certain characters will not display and link correctly unless those characters are encoded.
If target page is not a template, then use {{R from shortcut}} instead.
Template shortcuts are Wikilinked on community pages, talk pages and edit summaries, but not in mainspace articles. Transclusions in mainspace are common and do not need to be "fixed".
Note:Template talk pages are in a talk namespace; they are not in the template namespace. All shortcuts to talk pages should be tagged with {{R from shortcut}}.
When appropriate, protection levels are automatically sensed, described and categorized.
title-link: Title of existing Wikipedia article about the source named in title – do not use a web address; do not wikilink.
type: Provides additional information about the media type of the source. May alternatively be used to identify the type of manuscript linked to in the title, if this is not the final version of a manuscript (e.g. if a preprint of a manuscript is freely available, but the version of record is behind a paywall). Format in sentence case. Displays in parentheses following the title. The reserved keyword none can be used to disable the display of a type. Defaults to Press release. Alias: medium.
language: The language (or a comma-separated list of the languages) in which the source is written, as either the ISO 639 language code (preferred) or the full language name. Examples: Template:Para; Template:Para; Template:Para; Template:Para. See the list of supported codes and names. Do not use templates or wikilinks. Displays in parentheses with "in" before the language name or names. When the only source language is English, no language is displayed in the citation. The use of languages recognized by the citation module adds the page to the appropriate subcategory of Category:CS1 foreign language sources. Because cs1|2 templates are often copied from en.wiki to other wikis, the use of language codes is preferred so that language names render in the correct language and form: espagnol at a French-language wiki instead of the English word "Spanish". Aliases: lang
Date
date: Date of referenced source. Can be full date (day, month, and year) or partial date (month and year, season and year, or year). Use same format as other publication dates in the citations.[date 1] Required when year is used to disambiguate {{sfn}} links to multiple-work citations by the same author in the same year.[more] Do not wikilink. Displays after the authors and is enclosed in parentheses. If there is no author, then displays after the publisher.
If target page is not a template, then use {{R from shortcut}} instead.
Template shortcuts are Wikilinked on community pages, talk pages and edit summaries, but not in mainspace articles. Transclusions in mainspace are common and do not need to be "fixed".
Note:Template talk pages are in a talk namespace; they are not in the template namespace. All shortcuts to talk pages should be tagged with {{R from shortcut}}.
When appropriate, protection levels are automatically sensed, described and categorized.
For approximate year, precede with "c. ", like this: Template:Para.
The date of a Web page, PDF, etc. with no visible date can sometimes be established by searching the page source or document code for a created or updated date; a comment for editors such as date=2021-12-25<!--date from page source-->|orig-date=Original date 2011-01-01 can be added.
year: Year of source being referenced. The usage of this parameter is discouraged; use the more flexible Template:Para parameter instead unless both of the following conditions are met:
orig-date: Original publication date or year; displays in square brackets after the date (or year). For clarity, please supply specifics. For example: Template:Para or Template:Para. As Template:Para does not support automatic date formatting, use the same date format as defined by Template:Para (or, if it exists in the article, by Template:Para of a {{use dmy dates}} or {{use mdy dates}} template), or as used in the Template:Para parameter. Alias: orig-year
df: date format; sets rendered dates to the specified format; does not support date ranges or seasonal dates; overrides the automatic date formatting described above. Accepts one value which may be one of these:
dmy – set publication dates to day month year format; access- and archive-dates are not modified;
mdy – as above for month day, year format
ymd – as above for year initial numeric format YYYY-MM-DD
dmy-all – set publication, access-, and archive-dates to day month year format;
mdy-all – as above for month day, year format
ymd-all – as above for year initial numeric format YYYY-MM-DD
↑Publication dates in references within an article should all have the same format. This may be a different format from that used for archive and access dates.
If target page is not a template, then use {{R from shortcut}} instead.
Template shortcuts are Wikilinked on community pages, talk pages and edit summaries, but not in mainspace articles. Transclusions in mainspace are common and do not need to be "fixed".
Note:Template talk pages are in a talk namespace; they are not in the template namespace. All shortcuts to talk pages should be tagged with {{R from shortcut}}.
When appropriate, protection levels are automatically sensed, described and categorized.
Publisher
publisher: Name of publisher; may be wikilinked if relevant. The publisher is the company, organization or other legal entity that publishes the work being cited. Do not use the publisher parameter for the name of a work (e.g. a website, book, encyclopedia, newspaper, magazine, journal, etc.). If the name of the publisher changed over time use the name as stated in the publication or at the time of the source's publication. Corporate designations such as "Ltd", "Inc.", or "GmbH" are not usually included. Not normally used for periodicals. Omit where the publisher's name is substantially the same as the name of the work (for example, The New York Times Co. publishes The New York Times newspaper, so there is no reason to name the publisher). Displays after title.
place: For news stories with a dateline, that is, the location where the story was written. If the name of the location changed over time use the name as stated in the publication or at the time of the source's publication. In earlier versions of the template this was the publication place, and for compatibility, will be treated as the publication place if the publication-place parameter is absent; see that parameter for further information. Alias: location
publication-place: Geographical place of publication; generally not wikilinked; omit when the name of the work includes the publication place; examples: The Boston Globe, The Times of India. Displays after the title. If the name of the publication place changed over time use the name as stated in the publication or at the time of the source's publication. If only one of publication-place, place, or location is defined, it will be treated as the publication place and will show after the title; if publication-place and place or location are defined, then place or location is shown before the title prefixed with "written at" and publication-place is shown after the title.
publication-date: Date of publication when different from the date the work was written. Displays only if date (or year) are defined and only if different, else publication-date is used and displayed as date. Use the same format as other dates in the article; do not wikilink. Follows publisher; if work is not defined, then publication-date is preceded by "published" and enclosed in parenthesis.
via: Name of the content deliverer (if different from publisher). via is not a replacement for publisher, but provides additional detail. It may be used when the content deliverer presents the source in a format other than the original (e.g. NewsBank), when the URL provided does not make clear the identity of the deliverer, where no URL or DOI is available (EBSCO), or if the deliverer requests attribution.
If target page is not a template, then use {{R from shortcut}} instead.
Template shortcuts are Wikilinked on community pages, talk pages and edit summaries, but not in mainspace articles. Transclusions in mainspace are common and do not need to be "fixed".
Note:Template talk pages are in a talk namespace; they are not in the template namespace. All shortcuts to talk pages should be tagged with {{R from shortcut}}.
When appropriate, protection levels are automatically sensed, described and categorized.
agency: The news agency (wire service) that provided the content; examples: Associated Press, Reuters, Agence France-Presse. Do not use for sources published on the agency's own website; e.g. apnews.com or reuters.com; instead, use work or publisher. May be wikilinked if relevant.
Edition, series, volume
edition: When the publication has more than one edition; for example: "2nd", "Revised", and so forth. Appends the string " ed." after the field, so Template:Para produces "2nd ed." Does not display if a periodical field is defined.
series or version: When the source is part of a series, such as a book series or a journal where the issue numbering has restarted.
volume: For one publication published in several volumes. Displays after the title and series fields; volume numbers should be entered just as a numeral (e.g. 37). Volume values that are wholly digits, wholly uppercase Roman numerals, or fewer than five characters will appear in bold. Any alphanumeric value of five or more characters will not appear in bold. In rare cases, publications carry both an ongoing volume and a year-related value; if so, provide them both, for example |volume=IV / #10.
In-source locations
page: The number of a single page in the source that supports the content. Use either Template:Para or Template:Para, but not both. Displays preceded by p. unless Template:Para. If hyphenated, use {{hyphen}} to indicate this is intentional (e.g. Template:Para), otherwise several editors and semi-automated tools will assume this was a misuse of the parameter to indicate a page range and will convert Template:Para to Template:Para. Alias: p.
OR: pages: A range of pages in the source that supports the content. Use either Template:Para or Template:Para, but not both. Separate using an en dash (–); separate non-sequential pages with a comma (,); do not use to indicate the total number of pages in the source. Displays preceded by pp. unless Template:Para. Hyphens are automatically converted to en dashes; if hyphens are appropriate because individual page numbers contain hyphens, for example: pp. 3-1–3-15, use double parentheses to tell the template to display the value of Template:Para without processing it, and use {{hyphen}} to indicate to editors that a hyphen is really intended: Template:Para. Alternatively, use Template:Para, like this: Template:Para. Alias: pp.
no-pp: Set to yes, y, or true to suppress the p. or pp. notations where this is inappropriate; for example, where Template:Para or Template:Para.
OR: at: For sources where a page number is inappropriate or insufficient. Overridden by Template:Para or Template:Para. Use only one of Template:Para, Template:Para, or Template:Para. Examples: page (p.) or pages (pp.); section (sec.), column (col.), paragraph (para.); track; hours, minutes and seconds; act, scene, canto, book, part, folio, stanza, back cover, liner notes, indicia, colophon, dust jacket, verse.
url: URL of an online location where the text of the publication named by title can be found. Cannot be used if title is wikilinked. If applicable, the link may point to the specific page(s) referenced. Remove tracking parameters from URLs, e.g. #ixzz2rBr3aO94 or ?utm_source=google&utm_medium=...&utm_term=...&utm_campaign=....
If target page is not a template, then use {{R from shortcut}} instead.
Template shortcuts are Wikilinked on community pages, talk pages and edit summaries, but not in mainspace articles. Transclusions in mainspace are common and do not need to be "fixed".
Note:Template talk pages are in a talk namespace; they are not in the template namespace. All shortcuts to talk pages should be tagged with {{R from shortcut}}.
When appropriate, protection levels are automatically sensed, described and categorized.
Do not link to any commercial booksellers, such as Amazon; use Template:Para or Template:Para to provide neutral search links for books. Invalid URLs, including those containing spaces, will result in an error message.
access-date: Full date when the content pointed to by url was last verified to support the text in the article; do not wikilink; requires url; use the same format as other access and archive dates in the citations.[date 1]Not required for linked documents that do not change. For example, access-date is required for online sources, such as personal websites, that do not have a publication date; see WP:CITEWEB. Access dates are not required for links to published research papers, published books, or news articles with publication dates. Note that access-date is the date that the URL was found to be working and to support the text being cited. See "Automatic date formatting" above for details about interaction with {{use dmy dates}} and {{use mdy dates}}. Can be hidden or styled by registered editors. Alias: accessdate.
archive-url: The URL of an archived snapshot of a web page. Typically used to refer to services such as Internet Archive
If target page is not a template, then use {{R from shortcut}} instead.
Template shortcuts are Wikilinked on community pages, talk pages and edit summaries, but not in mainspace articles. Transclusions in mainspace are common and do not need to be "fixed".
Note:Template talk pages are in a talk namespace; they are not in the template namespace. All shortcuts to talk pages should be tagged with {{R from shortcut}}.
When appropriate, protection levels are automatically sensed, described and categorized.
If target page is not a template, then use {{R from shortcut}} instead.
Template shortcuts are Wikilinked on community pages, talk pages and edit summaries, but not in mainspace articles. Transclusions in mainspace are common and do not need to be "fixed".
Note:Template talk pages are in a talk namespace; they are not in the template namespace. All shortcuts to talk pages should be tagged with {{R from shortcut}}.
When appropriate, protection levels are automatically sensed, described and categorized.
If target page is not a template, then use {{R from shortcut}} instead.
Template shortcuts are Wikilinked on community pages, talk pages and edit summaries, but not in mainspace articles. Transclusions in mainspace are common and do not need to be "fixed".
Note:Template talk pages are in a talk namespace; they are not in the template namespace. All shortcuts to talk pages should be tagged with {{R from shortcut}}.
When appropriate, protection levels are automatically sensed, described and categorized.
; requires archive-date and url. By default (overridden by Template:Para) the archived link is displayed first, with the original link at the end. Alias: archiveurl.
archive-date: Archive-service snapshot-date; preceded in display by default text "archived from the original on". Use the same format as other access and archive dates in the citations. This does not necessarily have to be the same format that was used for citing publication dates.[date 1] Do not wikilink; templated dates are discouraged. See "Automatic date formatting" above for details about interaction with {{use dmy dates}} and {{use mdy dates}}. Alias: archivedate.
url-status: this optional parameter is ignored if archive-url is not set. If omitted, or with null value, the default value is Template:Para. When the URL is still live, but pre-emptively archived, then set Template:Para; this changes the display order, with the title retaining the original link and the archive linked at the end. When the original URL is 'live' but no longer supports the article text, set Template:Para. When the original URL has been usurped for the purposes of spam, advertising, or is otherwise unsuitable, setting Template:Para or Template:Para suppresses display of the original URL (but Template:Para and Template:Para are still required).
archive-format: File format of the work referred to by archive-url; for example: PDF, DOC, or XLS; displayed in parentheses after the archive link. HTML is implied and should not be specified. File format annotation is automatically rendered when a PDF icon is displayed. Does not change the external link icon. Note: External link icons do not include alt text; thus, they do not add file format information for the visually impaired.
If target page is not a template, then use {{R from shortcut}} instead.
Template shortcuts are Wikilinked on community pages, talk pages and edit summaries, but not in mainspace articles. Transclusions in mainspace are common and do not need to be "fixed".
Note:Template talk pages are in a talk namespace; they are not in the template namespace. All shortcuts to talk pages should be tagged with {{R from shortcut}}.
When appropriate, protection levels are automatically sensed, described and categorized.
If target page is not a template, then use {{R from shortcut}} instead.
Template shortcuts are Wikilinked on community pages, talk pages and edit summaries, but not in mainspace articles. Transclusions in mainspace are common and do not need to be "fixed".
Note:Template talk pages are in a talk namespace; they are not in the template namespace. All shortcuts to talk pages should be tagged with {{R from shortcut}}.
When appropriate, protection levels are automatically sensed, described and categorized.
format: File format of the work referred to by url; for example: PDF, DOC, or XLS; displayed in parentheses after title. (For media format, use type.) HTML is implied and should not be specified. File format annotation is automatically rendered when a PDF icon is displayed. Does not change the external link icon. Note: External link icons do not include alt text; thus, they do not add file format information for the visually impaired.
If target page is not a template, then use {{R from shortcut}} instead.
Template shortcuts are Wikilinked on community pages, talk pages and edit summaries, but not in mainspace articles. Transclusions in mainspace are common and do not need to be "fixed".
Note:Template talk pages are in a talk namespace; they are not in the template namespace. All shortcuts to talk pages should be tagged with {{R from shortcut}}.
When appropriate, protection levels are automatically sensed, described and categorized.
URLs must begin with a supported URI scheme. http:// and https:// will be supported by all browsers; however, ftp://, gopher://, irc://, ircs://, mailto: and news: may require a plug-in or an external application and should normally be avoided. IPv6 host-names are currently not supported.
If URLs in citation template parameters contain certain characters, then they will not display and link correctly. Those characters need to be percent-encoded. For example, a space must be replaced by %20. To encode the URL, replace the following characters with:
Character
space
"
'
<
>
[
]
{
|
}
Encoding
%20
%22
%27
%3C
%3E
%5B
%5D
%7B
%7C
%7D
Single apostrophes do not need to be encoded; however, unencoded multiples will be parsed as italic or bold markup. Single curly closing braces also do not need to be encoded; however, an unencoded pair will be parsed as the double closing braces for the template transclusion.
↑ abAccess-date and archive-date in references should all have the same format – either the format used for publication dates, or YYYY-MM-DD.
If target page is not a template, then use {{R from shortcut}} instead.
Template shortcuts are Wikilinked on community pages, talk pages and edit summaries, but not in mainspace articles. Transclusions in mainspace are common and do not need to be "fixed".
Note:Template talk pages are in a talk namespace; they are not in the template namespace. All shortcuts to talk pages should be tagged with {{R from shortcut}}.
When appropriate, protection levels are automatically sensed, described and categorized.
Anchor
ref: the citation's HTML anchor identifier, when different from its default. When set, Template:Para generates an anchor with the given ID (the id= attribute in the citation's <cite id="ID"> HTML tag). Setting Template:Para identifies the template as a target and allows wikilinking to full references, especially useful with short-form citations like shortened notes and parenthetical referencing. The default anchor ID is suitable for use with {{sfn}} and {{harv}} templates. Since April 2020, the parameter / keyword pair Template:Para has no special meaning; this deprecated setting should not be used and may be removed from existing cs1|2 templates. To inhibit anchor ID creation, set Template:Para. Aliases: none.
If target page is not a template, then use {{R from shortcut}} instead.
Template shortcuts are Wikilinked on community pages, talk pages and edit summaries, but not in mainspace articles. Transclusions in mainspace are common and do not need to be "fixed".
Note:Template talk pages are in a talk namespace; they are not in the template namespace. All shortcuts to talk pages should be tagged with {{R from shortcut}}.
When appropriate, protection levels are automatically sensed, described and categorized.
Identifiers
id: A unique identifier, used where none of the specialized identifiers are applicable; wikilink or use an external link template as applicable. For example, Template:Para will append "NCJ 122967" at the end of the citation. You can use templates such as Template:Para to append NCJ122967 instead.
The following identifiers create links and are designed to accept a single value. Using multiple values or other text will break the link and/or invalidate the identifier. In general, the parameters should include only the variable part of the identifier, e.g. |rfc=822 or |pmc=345678.
arxiv: arXividentifier; for example: |arxiv=hep-th/9205027 (before April 2007) or |arxiv=0706.0001 (April 2007 – December 2014) or |arxiv=1501.00001 (since January 2015). Do not include extraneous file extensions like ".pdf" or ".html". Aliases: eprint.
asin: Amazon Standard Identification Number; if first character of asin value is a digit, use isbn. Because this link favours one specific distributor, include it only if standard identifiers are not available. Example |asin=B00005N5PF. Aliases: ASIN.
asin-tld: ASIN top-level domain for Amazon sites other than the US; valid values: ae, au, br, ca, cn, de, es, fr, in, it, jp, mx, nl, pl, sa, se, sg, tr, uk. Aliases: none.
bibcode: bibcode; used by a number of astronomical data systems; for example: 1974AJ.....79..819H. Aliases: none.
doi: Digital object identifier; for example: 10.1038/news070508-7. It is checked to ensure it begins with (10.). Aliases: DOI.
Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid DOIs using a non-standard format, see below.
doi-broken-date: Date a valid DOI was found to be non-working/inactive at https://doi.org. Use the same format as other dates in the article. Aliases: none.
eissn: International Standard Serial Number for the electronic media of a serial publication; eight characters may be split into two groups of four using a hyphen, but not an en dash or a space; example |eissn=1557-2986. Aliases: EISSN.
Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid eISSNs using a non-standard format, see below.
hdl: Handle System identifier for digital objects and other resources on the Internet; example |hdl=20.1000/100. Aliases: HDL.
If target page is not a template, then use {{R from shortcut}} instead.
Template shortcuts are Wikilinked on community pages, talk pages and edit summaries, but not in mainspace articles. Transclusions in mainspace are common and do not need to be "fixed".
Note:Template talk pages are in a talk namespace; they are not in the template namespace. All shortcuts to talk pages should be tagged with {{R from shortcut}}.
When appropriate, protection levels are automatically sensed, described and categorized.
Hyphens in the ISBN are optional, but preferred. Use the ISBN actually printed on or in the book. Use the 13-digit ISBN – beginning with 978 or 979 – when it is available. If only a 10-digit ISBN is printed on or in the book, use it. ISBNs can be found on the page with the publisher's information – usually the back of the title page – or beneath the barcode as a number beginning with 978 or 979 (barcodes beginning with any other numbers are not ISBNs). For sources with the older 9-digit SBN system, use sbn. Do not convert a 10-digit ISBN to 13-digit by just adding the 978 prefix; the last digit is a calculated check digit and just making changes to the numbers will make the ISBN invalid. This parameter should hold only the ISBN without any additional characters. It is checked for length, invalid characters – anything other than numbers, spaces, and hyphens, with "X" permitted as the last character in a 10-digit ISBN – and the proper check digit. Aliases: ISBN.
Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid ISBNs using a non-standard format, see below.
ismn: International Standard Music Number; for example: 979-0-9016791-7-7. Hyphens or spaces in the ISMN are optional. Use the ISMN actually printed on or in the work. This parameter should hold only the ISMN without any additional characters. It is checked for length, invalid characters – anything other than numbers, spaces, and hyphens – and the proper check digit. Aliases: ISMN.
Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid ISSNs using a non-standard format, see below.
jfm: Template:Lang; do not include "JFM" in the value; example |jfm=53.0144.01. Aliases: JFM.
jstor: JSTOR reference number; for example: |jstor=3793107. Aliases: JSTOR.
lccn: Library of Congress Control Number. When present, alphabetic prefix characters are to be lower case and without a space; example |lccn=79-57364 or |lccn=2004042477 or |lccn=e09001178. Aliases: LCCN.
If target page is not a template, then use {{R from shortcut}} instead.
Template shortcuts are Wikilinked on community pages, talk pages and edit summaries, but not in mainspace articles. Transclusions in mainspace are common and do not need to be "fixed".
Note:Template talk pages are in a talk namespace; they are not in the template namespace. All shortcuts to talk pages should be tagged with {{R from shortcut}}.
When appropriate, protection levels are automatically sensed, described and categorized.
. Aliases: PMC.
pmc-embargo-date: Date that pmc goes live; if this date is in the future, then pmc is not linked until that date. Aliases: none.
pmid: PubMed; use unique identifier; example |pmid=17322060
If target page is not a template, then use {{R from shortcut}} instead.
Template shortcuts are Wikilinked on community pages, talk pages and edit summaries, but not in mainspace articles. Transclusions in mainspace are common and do not need to be "fixed".
Note:Template talk pages are in a talk namespace; they are not in the template namespace. All shortcuts to talk pages should be tagged with {{R from shortcut}}.
When appropriate, protection levels are automatically sensed, described and categorized.
s2cid: Semantic Scholar corpus ID; example |s2cid=37220927. Aliases: S2CID.
zbl: Template:Lang; example |zbl=0472.53010 For zbMATH search results like JFM 35.0387.02 use |jfm=35.0387.02. Aliases: ZBL.
In very rare cases, valid identifiers (f.e., as actually printed on publications) do not follow their defined standard format or use non-conforming checksums, which would typically cause an error message to be shown. Do not alter them to match a different checksum. In order to suppress the error message, some identifiers (Template:Para, Template:Para, Template:Para, Template:Para, and Template:Para) support a special accept-this-as-written markup which can be applied to disable the error-checking (as Template:Para). If the problem is down to a mere typographical error in a third-party source, correct the identifier value instead of overriding the error message.
For some identifiers, it is possible to specify the access status using the corresponding Template:Para parameter.
For {{cite journal}}, some identifiers (specifying free resources) will automatically be linked to the title when Template:Para and Template:Para are not used to specify a different link target. This behaviour can be overridden by one out of a number of special keywords for Template:Para to manually select a specific source (Template:Para or Template:Para) for auto-linking or to disable the feature (Template:Para).
It is not necessary to specify a URL to a link identical to a link also produced by an identifier. The Template:Para parameter (or Template:Para) can then be used for providing a direct deep link to the corresponding document or a convenience link to a resource that would not otherwise be obviously accessible.
Quote
quote: Relevant text quoted from the source. Displays enclosed in quotes. When supplied, the citation terminator (a period by default) is suppressed, so the quote must include terminating punctuation. If script-quote is defined, use quote to hold a Romanization (if available) of the text in script-quote.
script-quote: Original quotation for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc.); not italicized, follows italicized Romanization defined in quote (if available). Alias: none. Must be prefixed with one of the script-<param>= language codes|supported language codes to help browsers properly display the script:
OR: quote-pages: A list or range of pages quoted in Template:Para. Use either Template:Para or Template:Para, but not both. Should be a subset of the pages specified in Template:Para or Template:Para. Separate using an en dash (–); separate non-sequential pages with a comma (,). Displays preceded by pp. unless Template:Para is defined. Hyphens are automatically converted to en dashes; if hyphens are appropriate because individual page numbers contain hyphens, for example: pp. 3-1–3-15, use double parentheses to tell the template to display the value of Template:Para without processing it, and use {{hyphen}} to indicate to editors that a hyphen is really intended: Template:Para. Alias: none.
Laysummary
These parameters are deprecated. If the source that they name is important to the Wikipedia article, create a separate cs1|2 template for that source.
lay-url: (deprecated) URL link to a non-technical summary or review of the source; the URL title is set to "Lay summary".
lay-source: (deprecated) Name of the source of the lay summary. Displays in italics and preceded by a spaced endash.
lay-date: (deprecated) Date of the lay summary. Displays in parentheses.
lay-format: (deprecated) File format of the work referred to by lay-url; for example: PDF, DOC, or XLS; displayed in parentheses after lay summary. HTML is implied and should not be specified. File format annotation is automatically rendered when a PDF icon is displayed. Does not change the external link icon. Note: External link icons do not include alt text; thus, they do not add file format information for the visually impaired.
If target page is not a template, then use {{R from shortcut}} instead.
Template shortcuts are Wikilinked on community pages, talk pages and edit summaries, but not in mainspace articles. Transclusions in mainspace are common and do not need to be "fixed".
Note:Template talk pages are in a talk namespace; they are not in the template namespace. All shortcuts to talk pages should be tagged with {{R from shortcut}}.
When appropriate, protection levels are automatically sensed, described and categorized.
Display options
mode: Sets element separator, default terminal punctuation, and certain capitalization according to the value provided. For Template:Para, element separator and terminal punctuation is a period (.); where appropriate, initial letters of certain words are capitalized ('Retrieved...'). For Template:Para, element separator is a comma (,); terminal punctuation is omitted; where appropriate, initial letters of certain words are not capitalized ('retrieved...'). To override default terminal punctuation use postscript.
author-mask:
contributor-mask:
editor-mask:
interviewer-mask:
subject-mask:
translator-mask:
Replaces the name of the (first) author with em dashes or text. Set <name>-mask to a numeric value n to set the dash n em spaces wide; set <name>-mask to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, "with". The numeric value 0 is a special case to be used in conjunction with <name>-link—in this case, the value of <name>-link will be used as (linked) text. In either case, you must still include the values for all names for metadata purposes. Primarily intended for use with bibliographies or bibliography styles where multiple works by a single author are listed sequentially such as shortened footnotes. Do not use in a list generated by {{reflist}}, <references /> or similar as there is no control of the order in which references are displayed. Mask parameters can take an enumerator in the name of the parameter (e.g. Template:Para) to apply the mask to a specific name.
display-authors:
display-contributors:
display-editors:
display-interviewers:
display-subjects:
display-translators:
Controls the number of author or editor names that are displayed when a citation is published. To change the displayed number of names, set display-authors and/or display-editors to the desired number. For example, Template:Para will display only the first two authors in a citation (and not affect the display of editors). Likewise, Template:Para will display only the first two editors (and all authors). Template:Para and Template:Para are special cases suppressing the display of all authors or editors including the et al. By default, all authors and editors are displayed. Template:Para displays all authors in the list followed by et al. Aliases: none.
postscript: Controls the closing punctuation for a citation; defaults to a period (.); for no terminating punctuation, specify Template:Para – leaving Template:Para empty is the same as omitting it, but is ambiguous. Additional text or templates beyond the terminating punctuation may generate an error message. Template:Para is ignored if quote is defined.
Subscription or registration required
Citations of online sources that require registration or a subscription are acceptable in Wikipedia as documented in Verifiability § Access to sources. As a courtesy to readers and other editors, editors should signal restrictions on access to material provided via the external links included in a citation. These levels describe requirements or constraints related to accessing and viewing the cited material; they are not intended to indicate the ability to reuse, or the copyright status, of the material, since that status is not relevant to verifying claims in articles.
free: the source is free to read for anyone (from the viewpoint of the provider of the source – could still be blocked by client-side filtering or safeguarding, or distributor-based geoblocking)
registration: a free registration with the provider of the source is required to access the source, even if a limited preview, abstract or review may still be available without registration
limited: there are other constraints (such as a cap on daily views, a restriction to certain day or night times, or providing the contents only to certain IP ranges/locales on behalf of the provider of the source) to freely access this source as a whole
subscription: the source as a whole is only accessible via a paid subscription with the provider of the source ("paywall"), even if a limited preview, abstract or review may still be available without subscription
As there are often multiple external links with different access levels in the same citation, each value is attributed to a specific external link.
Access indicators for url-holding parameters
Online sources linked by Template:Para, Template:Para, Template:Para, Template:Para, Template:Para, Template:Para, and Template:Para are presumed to be free-to-read. When they are not free-to-read, editors should mark those sources with the matching access-indicator parameter so that an appropriate icon is included in the rendered citation. Because the sources linked by these url-holding parameters are presumed to be free-to-read, they may not be marked as free.
Links inserted by named identifiers are presumed to lie behind a paywall or registration barrier – exceptions listed below. When they are free-to-read, editors should mark those sources with the matching access-indicator parameter so that an appropriate icon is included in the rendered citation. When the sources linked by these named-identifier parameters are not presumed to carry a free-to-read full text (for instance because they're just abstracting services), they may not be marked as limited, registration, or subscription.
Some named-identifiers are always free-to-read. For those named identifiers there are no access-indicator parameters; the access level is automatically indicated by the template. These named identifiers are:
For embargoed pmc that will become available in the future, see pmc-embargo-date.
TemplateData
This is the TemplateData for this template used by TemplateWizard, VisualEditor and other tools. Click here to see a monthly parameter usage report for this template based on this TemplateData.
TemplateData for Cite press release/doc
This Citation Style 1 template is used to create citations to press releases. N.B. Parameters have been provided for up to 3 authors; however, additional parameters up to _last9_, _first9_ and _authorlink9_ can be added manually as parameters.
Full date of source being referenced in the same format as other publication dates in the citations. Do not wikilink. Displays after the authors and enclosed in parentheses. If there is no author, then displays after publisher.
String
optional
Publisher
publisher
Name of publisher. Not normally included for periodicals. Corporate designations such as _Ltd_, _Inc_ or _GmbH_ are not usually included. Displays after title.
String
optional
Location of publication
location
Geographical place of publication. Displays after the title.
String
optional
URL
url
URL of an online location where the text of the publication can be found. Use of the access-date parameter is recommended.
String
optional
Quote
quote
Relevant text quoted from the source. Displays enclosed in quotes. When supplied, the citation terminator (a period by default) is suppressed, so the quote needs to include terminating punctuation.
String
optional
Anchor ID
ref
ID for anchor, overrides the default anchor. A nonempty value |ref=ID generates an anchor with the given ID; such a linkable reference can be made the target of wikilinks to full references, especially useful in short citations like shortened notes and parenthetical referencing. See anchors for Harvard referencing templates.
String
optional
Language
language
It not English, the language the source is written in. Displays in parentheses with _in_ before the language name. Use the full language name; do not use icons or templates.
String
optional
Last name, 1st author
last1last
Equivalent to using _last_ when only one author. For use when a work has up to nine authors. To link to author article, use _authorlink1_.
Unknown
optional
First name, 1st author
first1first
Equivalent to using _first_ when only one author. For use when a work has up to nine authors. To link to author article, use _authorlink1_.
Unknown
optional
Last name of second author
last2
For use when a work has up to nine authors. To link to author article, use _authorlink2_.
Unknown
optional
First name of second author
first2
For use when a work has up to nine authors. To link to author article, use _authorlink2_.
Unknown
optional
Last name of third author
last3
For use when a work has up to nine authors. To link to author article, use _authorlink3_.
Unknown
optional
First name of third author
first3
For use when a work has up to nine authors. To link to author article, use _authorlink3_.
Unknown
optional
URL access date
access-dateaccessdate
Full date when original URL was accessed; use the same format as other access and archive dates in the citations; do not wikilink. Not required for web pages or linked documents that do not change; mainly of use for web pages that change frequently or have no publication date.
String
optional
Use if archived but not dead
dead-urldeadurl
When the URL is still live, but preemptively archived, then set |url-status=live. This changes the display order with the title retaining the original link and the archive linked at the end.
String
optional
URL of an archived copy of the source
archive-urlarchiveurl
The URL of an archived copy of a web page, if or in case the url becomes unavailable. Requires parameter _archivedate_.
String
optional
Date when the original URL was archived.
archive-datearchivedate
Date when the original URL was archived. Use the same format as other access and archive dates in the citations; do not wikilink. Displays preceded by _archived from the original on_.
String
optional
English translation of source title
trans-titletrans_title
English translation of the title if the source cited is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets after title. Use of the language parameter is recommended.
String
optional
First author biography link
author-link1authorlink1 authorlink author-link
Equivalent to using _authorlink_ when only one author. Title of existing Wikipedia article about the first author—not the author's website; do not wikilink.
Page name
optional
Second author biography link
author-link2authorlink2
Title of existing Wikipedia article about the second author—not the author's website; do not wikilink.
Page name
optional
Third author biography link
author-link3authorlink3
Title of existing Wikipedia article about the third author—not the author's website; do not wikilink.
Page name
optional
This content is in the Template Namespace. Used for page-templates that can be re-used across the wiki.
