This template is used on 1,340,000+ pages, or roughly 40866% of all pages. To avoid major disruption and server load, any changes should be tested in the template's /sandbox or /testcases subpages, or in your own user subpage. The tested changes can be added to this page in a single edit. Consider discussing changes on the talk page before implementing them.
This Citation Style 1 template is used to create citations for news articles in print, video, audio or web.
Usage
Copy a blank version to use. Almost all parameter names are supported only in lower case (some initialisms, such as Template:Para have upper case aliases like Template:Para, which are acceptable for use). Use the "|" (pipe) character between each parameter. Unused parameters may be deleted to avoid clutter in the edit window. Some samples on this documentation page may include the current date. If the date is not current, then purge the page.
Most commonly used parameters in horizontal format
{{cite news |last=Bourmaud |first=François-Xavier |date=2013-10-17 |title=Hollande dans le bourbier de l'affaire Leonarda |trans-title=Hollande in the quagmire of the Leonarda case |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/2013/10/17/01002-20131017ARTFIG00575-hollande-dans-le-bourbier-de-l-affaire-leonarda.php |language=French |work=Le Figaro |location=Paris |access-date=2013-10-17|ref=none}}
A clipped and archived news article that you quote, found on an information aggregation service requiring a subscription
{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/30201172/daily_news/ |title=Czechs honor Yuri |date=30 April 1961 |newspaper=Daily News|access-date=2 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402233429/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/30201172/daily_news/|archive-date=2 April 2019|url-status=live |agency=Reuters |location=New York |page=35 |via=Newspapers.com |quote=Czech President [[Antonin Novotny]] today made visiting Soviet spaceman Yuri Gagarin a 'Hero of Socialist Labor'.|ref=none}}
Displays as:
"Czechs honor Yuri". Daily News. New York. Reuters. 30 April 1961. p. 35. Archived from the original on 2 April 2019. Retrieved 2 April 2019 – via Newspapers.com. Czech President Antonin Novotny today made visiting Soviet spaceman Yuri Gagarin a 'Hero of Socialist Labor'.
Parameters
Syntax
Nested parameters rely on their parent parameters:
parent
OR: parent2—may be used instead of parent
child—may be used with parent (and is ignored if parent is not used)
OR: child2—may be used instead of child (and is ignored if parent2 is not used)
Where aliases are listed, only one of the parameters may be defined; if multiple aliased parameters are defined, then only one will show.
By default, sets of fields are terminated with a period (.).
If target page is not a template, then use {{R from shortcut}} instead.
Template shortcuts are Wikilinked on community pages, talk pages and edit summaries, but not in mainspace articles. Transclusions in mainspace are common and do not need to be "fixed".
Note:Template talk pages are in a talk namespace; they are not in the template namespace. All shortcuts to talk pages should be tagged with {{R from shortcut}}.
When appropriate, protection levels are automatically sensed, described and categorized.
As a general rule, only one data item per parameter. Do not include explanatory or alternate text:
Use of templates within the citation template is discouraged because many of these templates will add extraneous HTML or CSS that will be included raw in the metadata. Also, HTML entities, for example , –, etc., should not be used in parameters that contribute to the metadata.
COinS metadata is created for these parameters
Note: This table of metadata is displayed for all Citation Style 1 templates. Not all of these parameters are supported by every CS1 template. Some of these parameters are mutually exclusive, some are aliases of another parameter, and some require other parameters to be present. Please refer to each template's documentation for a full list of supported parameters, their aliases, and their dependencies.
if the source named by these parameters is important to the Wikipedia article, create a cs1|2 template for that source with all of the appropriate bibliographic information
last: Surname of a single author. Do not wikilink—use author-link instead. For corporate authors or authors for whom only one name is listed by the source, use last or one of its aliases (e.g. Template:Para). Aliases: surname, author, last1, surname1, author1.
author: this parameter is used to hold the complete name of a single author (first and last) or to hold the name of a corporate author. This parameter should never hold the names of more than one author. Do not wikilink—use author-link instead.
first: Given or first names of author; for example: Firstname Middlename or Firstname M. or Firstname M., Sr. Do not wikilink—use author-link instead. Aliases: given, first1, given1. Requires last; first name will not display if last is empty.
OR: for multiple authors, use last1, first1 through lastn, firstn, where n is any consecutive number for an unlimited number of authors (each firstn requires a corresponding lastn, but not the other way around).
If target page is not a template, then use {{R from shortcut}} instead.
Template shortcuts are Wikilinked on community pages, talk pages and edit summaries, but not in mainspace articles. Transclusions in mainspace are common and do not need to be "fixed".
Note:Template talk pages are in a talk namespace; they are not in the template namespace. All shortcuts to talk pages should be tagged with {{R from shortcut}}.
When appropriate, protection levels are automatically sensed, described and categorized.
Aliases: surname1, given1 through surnamen, givenn, or author1 through authorn. For an individual author plus an institutional author, you can use Template:ParaTemplate:ParaTemplate:Para.
author-link: Title of existing Wikipedia article about the author—not the author's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: author-link1, author1-link, authorlink.
OR: for multiple authors, use author-link1 through author-linkn. Aliases: author1-link through authorn-link.
name-list-style: accepts a limited list of keywords as value; when set to amp, ampersand, or &, inserts an ampersand between the last two names in a name list; when set to and, inserts the conjunction 'and' between the last two names of a name list; when set to vancdisplays name lists in Vancouver style when the lists use the last/first forms of name parameters.
vauthors: comma-separated list of author names in Vancouver style; enclose corporate or institutional author names in doubled parentheses. End with etal if appropriate:
author-link and author-mask may be used for the individual names in Template:Para as described above
authors: Free-form list of author names; use of this parameter is discouraged because it does not contribute to a citation's metadata; not an alias of last.
translator-last: Surname of translator. Do not wikilink—use translator-link instead. Aliases: translator-surname, translator1, translator1-last, translator-last1.
translator-first: Given or first names of translator. Do not wikilink—use translator-link instead. Aliases: translator-given, translator1-first, translator-first1.
OR: for multiple translators, use translator-last1, translator-first1 through translator-lastn, translator-firstn, where n is any consecutive number for an unlimited number of translators (each translator-firstn requires a corresponding translator-lastn, but not the other way around). Aliases: translator1-last, translator1-first through translatorn-last, translatorn-first, or translator1 through translatorn.
translator-link: Title of existing Wikipedia article about the translator—not the translator's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: translator-link1, translator1-link.
OR: for multiple translators, use translator-link1 through translator-linkn. Aliases: translator1-link through translatorn-link.
collaboration: Name of a group of authors or collaborators; requires author, last, or vauthors listing one or more primary authors; follows author name-list; appends "et al." to author name-list.
others: To record other contributors to the work, including illustrators. For the parameter value, write Illustrated by John Smith.
Note: When using shortened footnotes or parenthetical referencing styles with templates, do not use multiple names in one field, or else the anchor will not match the inline link.
title: Title of source. Can be wikilinked to an existing Wikipedia article or url may be used to add an external link, but not both. Displays in quotes. If script-title is defined, use title to hold a Romanization (if available) of the title in script-title.
script-title: Original title for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc.); not italicized, follows italicized Romanization defined in title (if present). Must be prefixed with one of the script-<param>= language codes|supported language codes to help browsers properly display the script:
trans-title: English translation of the title if the source cited is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets after title. Use of the language parameter is recommended.
Titles containing certain characters will not display and link correctly unless those characters are encoded.
If target page is not a template, then use {{R from shortcut}} instead.
Template shortcuts are Wikilinked on community pages, talk pages and edit summaries, but not in mainspace articles. Transclusions in mainspace are common and do not need to be "fixed".
Note:Template talk pages are in a talk namespace; they are not in the template namespace. All shortcuts to talk pages should be tagged with {{R from shortcut}}.
When appropriate, protection levels are automatically sensed, described and categorized.
title-link: Title of existing Wikipedia article about the source named in title – do not use a web address; do not wikilink.
language: The language (or a comma-separated list of the languages) in which the source is written, as either the ISO 639 language code (preferred) or the full language name. Examples: Template:Para; Template:Para; Template:Para; Template:Para. See the list of supported codes and names. Do not use templates or wikilinks. Displays in parentheses with "in" before the language name or names. When the only source language is English, no language is displayed in the citation. The use of languages recognized by the citation module adds the page to the appropriate subcategory of Category:CS1 foreign language sources. Because cs1|2 templates are often copied from en.wiki to other wikis, the use of language codes is preferred so that language names render in the correct language and form: espagnol at a French-language wiki instead of the English word "Spanish". Aliases: lang
Periodical (work, newspaper, website)
work (required by {{cite journal}} and {{cite magazine}}): Name of the work containing the source; may be wikilinked if relevant. Displays in italics. If the name of the periodical changed over time use the name at the time of the source's publication. If script-work is defined, use work to hold a Romanization (if available) of the title in script-work. Aliases: journal, newspaper, magazine, periodical, website. Use Latin script. For languages written in non-Latin based scripts (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Indic, Japanese, Korean, etc.) use a standard Romanization in this field.
script-work: Work title in its original, non-Latin script; not italicized, follows italicized Romanization defined in work (if present). Must be prefixed with one of the script-<param>= language codes|supported language codes to help browsers properly display the script. Leave empty for Latin-based scripts (Czech, French, Turkish, Vietnamese, etc.). Aliases: script-journal, script-newspaper, script-magazine, script-periodical, script-website.
trans-work: English translation of the work title if the source cited is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets after work or script-work. Aliases: trans-journal, trans-newspaper, trans-magazine, trans-periodical, trans-website.
issue: When the publication is one of a series that is published periodically. Alias: number. When the issue has a special title of its own, this may be given, in italics, along with the issue number, e.g. Template:Para. Please choose either Template:Para or Template:Para depending on what is used in the actual publication. If a publication carries both issue and number designations (typically one being a year-relative and the other an absolute value), provide them both, for example Template:Para. Displayed in parentheses following volume.
department: Title of a regular department, column, or section within the periodical or journal. Examples include "Communication", "Editorial", "Letter to the Editor", and "Review". Displays after title and is in plain text.
When set, work changes the formatting of other parameters in the same citation:
title is not italicized and is enclosed in quotes.
chapter does not display (and will produce an error message).
Publisher
publisher: Name of publisher; may be wikilinked if relevant. The publisher is the company, organization or other legal entity that publishes the work being cited. Do not use the publisher parameter for the name of a work (e.g. a website, book, encyclopedia, newspaper, magazine, journal, etc.). If the name of the publisher changed over time use the name as stated in the publication or at the time of the source's publication. Corporate designations such as "Ltd", "Inc.", or "GmbH" are not usually included. Not normally used for periodicals. Omit where the publisher's name is substantially the same as the name of the work (for example, The New York Times Co. publishes The New York Times newspaper, so there is no reason to name the publisher). Displays after title.
place: For news stories with a dateline, that is, the location where the story was written. If the name of the location changed over time use the name as stated in the publication or at the time of the source's publication. In earlier versions of the template this was the publication place, and for compatibility, will be treated as the publication place if the publication-place parameter is absent; see that parameter for further information. Alias: location
publication-place: Geographical place of publication; generally not wikilinked; omit when the name of the work includes the publication place; examples: The Boston Globe, The Times of India. Displays after the title. If the name of the publication place changed over time use the name as stated in the publication or at the time of the source's publication. If only one of publication-place, place, or location is defined, it will be treated as the publication place and will show after the title; if publication-place and place or location are defined, then place or location is shown before the title prefixed with "written at" and publication-place is shown after the title.
publication-date: Date of publication when different from the date the work was written. Displays only if date (or year) are defined and only if different, else publication-date is used and displayed as date. Use the same format as other dates in the article; do not wikilink. Follows publisher; if work is not defined, then publication-date is preceded by "published" and enclosed in parenthesis.
via: Name of the content deliverer (if different from publisher). via is not a replacement for publisher, but provides additional detail. It may be used when the content deliverer presents the source in a format other than the original (e.g. NewsBank), when the URL provided does not make clear the identity of the deliverer, where no URL or DOI is available (EBSCO), or if the deliverer requests attribution.
If target page is not a template, then use {{R from shortcut}} instead.
Template shortcuts are Wikilinked on community pages, talk pages and edit summaries, but not in mainspace articles. Transclusions in mainspace are common and do not need to be "fixed".
Note:Template talk pages are in a talk namespace; they are not in the template namespace. All shortcuts to talk pages should be tagged with {{R from shortcut}}.
When appropriate, protection levels are automatically sensed, described and categorized.
agency: The news agency (wire service) that provided the content; examples: Associated Press, Reuters, Agence France-Presse. Do not use for sources published on the agency's own website; e.g. apnews.com or reuters.com; instead, use work or publisher. May be wikilinked if relevant.
Date
date: Date of referenced source. Can be full date (day, month, and year) or partial date (month and year, season and year, or year). Use same format as other publication dates in the citations.[date 1] Required when year is used to disambiguate {{sfn}} links to multiple-work citations by the same author in the same year.[more] Do not wikilink. Displays after the authors and is enclosed in parentheses. If there is no author, then displays after the publisher.
If target page is not a template, then use {{R from shortcut}} instead.
Template shortcuts are Wikilinked on community pages, talk pages and edit summaries, but not in mainspace articles. Transclusions in mainspace are common and do not need to be "fixed".
Note:Template talk pages are in a talk namespace; they are not in the template namespace. All shortcuts to talk pages should be tagged with {{R from shortcut}}.
When appropriate, protection levels are automatically sensed, described and categorized.
For approximate year, precede with "c. ", like this: Template:Para.
The date of a Web page, PDF, etc. with no visible date can sometimes be established by searching the page source or document code for a created or updated date; a comment for editors such as date=2021-12-25<!--date from page source-->|orig-date=Original date 2011-01-01 can be added.
year: Year of source being referenced. The usage of this parameter is discouraged; use the more flexible Template:Para parameter instead unless both of the following conditions are met:
orig-date: Original publication date or year; displays in square brackets after the date (or year). For clarity, please supply specifics. For example: Template:Para or Template:Para. As Template:Para does not support automatic date formatting, use the same date format as defined by Template:Para (or, if it exists in the article, by Template:Para of a {{use dmy dates}} or {{use mdy dates}} template), or as used in the Template:Para parameter. Alias: orig-year
df: date format; sets rendered dates to the specified format; does not support date ranges or seasonal dates; overrides the automatic date formatting described above. Accepts one value which may be one of these:
dmy – set publication dates to day month year format; access- and archive-dates are not modified;
mdy – as above for month day, year format
ymd – as above for year initial numeric format YYYY-MM-DD
dmy-all – set publication, access-, and archive-dates to day month year format;
mdy-all – as above for month day, year format
ymd-all – as above for year initial numeric format YYYY-MM-DD
↑Publication dates in references within an article should all have the same format. This may be a different format from that used for archive and access dates.
If target page is not a template, then use {{R from shortcut}} instead.
Template shortcuts are Wikilinked on community pages, talk pages and edit summaries, but not in mainspace articles. Transclusions in mainspace are common and do not need to be "fixed".
Note:Template talk pages are in a talk namespace; they are not in the template namespace. All shortcuts to talk pages should be tagged with {{R from shortcut}}.
When appropriate, protection levels are automatically sensed, described and categorized.
Edition, volume
edition: When the publication has more than one edition; for example: "2nd", "Revised", and so forth. Appends the string " ed." after the field, so Template:Para produces "2nd ed." Does not display if a periodical field is defined.
volume: For one publication published in several volumes. Displays after the title and series fields; volume numbers should be entered just as a numeral (e.g. 37). Volume values that are wholly digits, wholly uppercase Roman numerals, or fewer than five characters will appear in bold. Any alphanumeric value of five or more characters will not appear in bold. In rare cases, publications carry both an ongoing volume and a year-related value; if so, provide them both, for example |volume=IV / #10.
In-source locations
page: The number of a single page in the source that supports the content. Use either Template:Para or Template:Para, but not both. Displays preceded by p. unless Template:Para. If hyphenated, use {{hyphen}} to indicate this is intentional (e.g. Template:Para), otherwise several editors and semi-automated tools will assume this was a misuse of the parameter to indicate a page range and will convert Template:Para to Template:Para. Alias: p.
OR: pages: A range of pages in the source that supports the content. Use either Template:Para or Template:Para, but not both. Separate using an en dash (–); separate non-sequential pages with a comma (,); do not use to indicate the total number of pages in the source. Displays preceded by pp. unless Template:Para. Hyphens are automatically converted to en dashes; if hyphens are appropriate because individual page numbers contain hyphens, for example: pp. 3-1–3-15, use double parentheses to tell the template to display the value of Template:Para without processing it, and use {{hyphen}} to indicate to editors that a hyphen is really intended: Template:Para. Alternatively, use Template:Para, like this: Template:Para. Alias: pp.
no-pp: Set to yes, y, or true to suppress the p. or pp. notations where this is inappropriate; for example, where Template:Para or Template:Para.
OR: at: For sources where a page number is inappropriate or insufficient. Overridden by Template:Para or Template:Para. Use only one of Template:Para, Template:Para, or Template:Para. Examples: page (p.) or pages (pp.); section (sec.), column (col.), paragraph (para.); track; hours, minutes and seconds; act, scene, canto, book, part, folio, stanza, back cover, liner notes, indicia, colophon, dust jacket, verse.
url: URL of an online location where the text of the publication named by title can be found. Cannot be used if title is wikilinked. If applicable, the link may point to the specific page(s) referenced. Remove tracking parameters from URLs, e.g. #ixzz2rBr3aO94 or ?utm_source=google&utm_medium=...&utm_term=...&utm_campaign=....
If target page is not a template, then use {{R from shortcut}} instead.
Template shortcuts are Wikilinked on community pages, talk pages and edit summaries, but not in mainspace articles. Transclusions in mainspace are common and do not need to be "fixed".
Note:Template talk pages are in a talk namespace; they are not in the template namespace. All shortcuts to talk pages should be tagged with {{R from shortcut}}.
When appropriate, protection levels are automatically sensed, described and categorized.
Do not link to any commercial booksellers, such as Amazon; use Template:Para or Template:Para to provide neutral search links for books. Invalid URLs, including those containing spaces, will result in an error message.
access-date: Full date when the content pointed to by url was last verified to support the text in the article; do not wikilink; requires url; use the same format as other access and archive dates in the citations.[date 1]Not required for linked documents that do not change. For example, access-date is required for online sources, such as personal websites, that do not have a publication date; see WP:CITEWEB. Access dates are not required for links to published research papers, published books, or news articles with publication dates. Note that access-date is the date that the URL was found to be working and to support the text being cited. See "Automatic date formatting" above for details about interaction with {{use dmy dates}} and {{use mdy dates}}. Can be hidden or styled by registered editors. Alias: accessdate.
archive-url: The URL of an archived snapshot of a web page. Typically used to refer to services such as Internet Archive
If target page is not a template, then use {{R from shortcut}} instead.
Template shortcuts are Wikilinked on community pages, talk pages and edit summaries, but not in mainspace articles. Transclusions in mainspace are common and do not need to be "fixed".
Note:Template talk pages are in a talk namespace; they are not in the template namespace. All shortcuts to talk pages should be tagged with {{R from shortcut}}.
When appropriate, protection levels are automatically sensed, described and categorized.
If target page is not a template, then use {{R from shortcut}} instead.
Template shortcuts are Wikilinked on community pages, talk pages and edit summaries, but not in mainspace articles. Transclusions in mainspace are common and do not need to be "fixed".
Note:Template talk pages are in a talk namespace; they are not in the template namespace. All shortcuts to talk pages should be tagged with {{R from shortcut}}.
When appropriate, protection levels are automatically sensed, described and categorized.
If target page is not a template, then use {{R from shortcut}} instead.
Template shortcuts are Wikilinked on community pages, talk pages and edit summaries, but not in mainspace articles. Transclusions in mainspace are common and do not need to be "fixed".
Note:Template talk pages are in a talk namespace; they are not in the template namespace. All shortcuts to talk pages should be tagged with {{R from shortcut}}.
When appropriate, protection levels are automatically sensed, described and categorized.
; requires archive-date and url. By default (overridden by Template:Para) the archived link is displayed first, with the original link at the end. Alias: archiveurl.
archive-date: Archive-service snapshot-date; preceded in display by default text "archived from the original on". Use the same format as other access and archive dates in the citations. This does not necessarily have to be the same format that was used for citing publication dates.[date 1] Do not wikilink; templated dates are discouraged. See "Automatic date formatting" above for details about interaction with {{use dmy dates}} and {{use mdy dates}}. Alias: archivedate.
url-status: this optional parameter is ignored if archive-url is not set. If omitted, or with null value, the default value is Template:Para. When the URL is still live, but pre-emptively archived, then set Template:Para; this changes the display order, with the title retaining the original link and the archive linked at the end. When the original URL is 'live' but no longer supports the article text, set Template:Para. When the original URL has been usurped for the purposes of spam, advertising, or is otherwise unsuitable, setting Template:Para or Template:Para suppresses display of the original URL (but Template:Para and Template:Para are still required).
archive-format: File format of the work referred to by archive-url; for example: PDF, DOC, or XLS; displayed in parentheses after the archive link. HTML is implied and should not be specified. File format annotation is automatically rendered when a PDF icon is displayed. Does not change the external link icon. Note: External link icons do not include alt text; thus, they do not add file format information for the visually impaired.
If target page is not a template, then use {{R from shortcut}} instead.
Template shortcuts are Wikilinked on community pages, talk pages and edit summaries, but not in mainspace articles. Transclusions in mainspace are common and do not need to be "fixed".
Note:Template talk pages are in a talk namespace; they are not in the template namespace. All shortcuts to talk pages should be tagged with {{R from shortcut}}.
When appropriate, protection levels are automatically sensed, described and categorized.
If target page is not a template, then use {{R from shortcut}} instead.
Template shortcuts are Wikilinked on community pages, talk pages and edit summaries, but not in mainspace articles. Transclusions in mainspace are common and do not need to be "fixed".
Note:Template talk pages are in a talk namespace; they are not in the template namespace. All shortcuts to talk pages should be tagged with {{R from shortcut}}.
When appropriate, protection levels are automatically sensed, described and categorized.
format: File format of the work referred to by url; for example: PDF, DOC, or XLS; displayed in parentheses after title. (For media format, use type.) HTML is implied and should not be specified. File format annotation is automatically rendered when a PDF icon is displayed. Does not change the external link icon. Note: External link icons do not include alt text; thus, they do not add file format information for the visually impaired.
If target page is not a template, then use {{R from shortcut}} instead.
Template shortcuts are Wikilinked on community pages, talk pages and edit summaries, but not in mainspace articles. Transclusions in mainspace are common and do not need to be "fixed".
Note:Template talk pages are in a talk namespace; they are not in the template namespace. All shortcuts to talk pages should be tagged with {{R from shortcut}}.
When appropriate, protection levels are automatically sensed, described and categorized.
URLs must begin with a supported URI scheme. http:// and https:// will be supported by all browsers; however, ftp://, gopher://, irc://, ircs://, mailto: and news: may require a plug-in or an external application and should normally be avoided. IPv6 host-names are currently not supported.
If URLs in citation template parameters contain certain characters, then they will not display and link correctly. Those characters need to be percent-encoded. For example, a space must be replaced by %20. To encode the URL, replace the following characters with:
Character
space
"
'
<
>
[
]
{
|
}
Encoding
%20
%22
%27
%3C
%3E
%5B
%5D
%7B
%7C
%7D
Single apostrophes do not need to be encoded; however, unencoded multiples will be parsed as italic or bold markup. Single curly closing braces also do not need to be encoded; however, an unencoded pair will be parsed as the double closing braces for the template transclusion.
↑ abAccess-date and archive-date in references should all have the same format – either the format used for publication dates, or YYYY-MM-DD.
If target page is not a template, then use {{R from shortcut}} instead.
Template shortcuts are Wikilinked on community pages, talk pages and edit summaries, but not in mainspace articles. Transclusions in mainspace are common and do not need to be "fixed".
Note:Template talk pages are in a talk namespace; they are not in the template namespace. All shortcuts to talk pages should be tagged with {{R from shortcut}}.
When appropriate, protection levels are automatically sensed, described and categorized.
ref: the citation's HTML anchor identifier, when different from its default. When set, Template:Para generates an anchor with the given ID (the id= attribute in the citation's <cite id="ID"> HTML tag). Setting Template:Para identifies the template as a target and allows wikilinking to full references, especially useful with short-form citations like shortened notes and parenthetical referencing. The default anchor ID is suitable for use with {{sfn}} and {{harv}} templates. Since April 2020, the parameter / keyword pair Template:Para has no special meaning; this deprecated setting should not be used and may be removed from existing cs1|2 templates. To inhibit anchor ID creation, set Template:Para. Aliases: none.
If target page is not a template, then use {{R from shortcut}} instead.
Template shortcuts are Wikilinked on community pages, talk pages and edit summaries, but not in mainspace articles. Transclusions in mainspace are common and do not need to be "fixed".
Note:Template talk pages are in a talk namespace; they are not in the template namespace. All shortcuts to talk pages should be tagged with {{R from shortcut}}.
When appropriate, protection levels are automatically sensed, described and categorized.
id: A unique identifier, used where none of the specialized identifiers are applicable; wikilink or use an external link template as applicable. For example, Template:Para will append "NCJ 122967" at the end of the citation. You can use templates such as Template:Para to append NCJ122967 instead.
The following identifiers create links and are designed to accept a single value. Using multiple values or other text will break the link and/or invalidate the identifier. In general, the parameters should include only the variable part of the identifier, e.g. |rfc=822 or |pmc=345678.
arxiv: arXividentifier; for example: |arxiv=hep-th/9205027 (before April 2007) or |arxiv=0706.0001 (April 2007 – December 2014) or |arxiv=1501.00001 (since January 2015). Do not include extraneous file extensions like ".pdf" or ".html". Aliases: eprint.
asin: Amazon Standard Identification Number; if first character of asin value is a digit, use isbn. Because this link favours one specific distributor, include it only if standard identifiers are not available. Example |asin=B00005N5PF. Aliases: ASIN.
asin-tld: ASIN top-level domain for Amazon sites other than the US; valid values: ae, au, br, ca, cn, de, es, fr, in, it, jp, mx, nl, pl, sa, se, sg, tr, uk. Aliases: none.
bibcode: bibcode; used by a number of astronomical data systems; for example: 1974AJ.....79..819H. Aliases: none.
doi: Digital object identifier; for example: 10.1038/news070508-7. It is checked to ensure it begins with (10.). Aliases: DOI.
Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid DOIs using a non-standard format, see below.
doi-broken-date: Date a valid DOI was found to be non-working/inactive at https://doi.org. Use the same format as other dates in the article. Aliases: none.
eissn: International Standard Serial Number for the electronic media of a serial publication; eight characters may be split into two groups of four using a hyphen, but not an en dash or a space; example |eissn=1557-2986. Aliases: EISSN.
Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid eISSNs using a non-standard format, see below.
hdl: Handle System identifier for digital objects and other resources on the Internet; example |hdl=20.1000/100. Aliases: HDL.
If target page is not a template, then use {{R from shortcut}} instead.
Template shortcuts are Wikilinked on community pages, talk pages and edit summaries, but not in mainspace articles. Transclusions in mainspace are common and do not need to be "fixed".
Note:Template talk pages are in a talk namespace; they are not in the template namespace. All shortcuts to talk pages should be tagged with {{R from shortcut}}.
When appropriate, protection levels are automatically sensed, described and categorized.
Hyphens in the ISBN are optional, but preferred. Use the ISBN actually printed on or in the book. Use the 13-digit ISBN – beginning with 978 or 979 – when it is available. If only a 10-digit ISBN is printed on or in the book, use it. ISBNs can be found on the page with the publisher's information – usually the back of the title page – or beneath the barcode as a number beginning with 978 or 979 (barcodes beginning with any other numbers are not ISBNs). For sources with the older 9-digit SBN system, use sbn. Do not convert a 10-digit ISBN to 13-digit by just adding the 978 prefix; the last digit is a calculated check digit and just making changes to the numbers will make the ISBN invalid. This parameter should hold only the ISBN without any additional characters. It is checked for length, invalid characters – anything other than numbers, spaces, and hyphens, with "X" permitted as the last character in a 10-digit ISBN – and the proper check digit. Aliases: ISBN.
Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid ISBNs using a non-standard format, see below.
ismn: International Standard Music Number; for example: 979-0-9016791-7-7. Hyphens or spaces in the ISMN are optional. Use the ISMN actually printed on or in the work. This parameter should hold only the ISMN without any additional characters. It is checked for length, invalid characters – anything other than numbers, spaces, and hyphens – and the proper check digit. Aliases: ISMN.
Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid ISSNs using a non-standard format, see below.
jfm: Template:Lang; do not include "JFM" in the value; example |jfm=53.0144.01. Aliases: JFM.
jstor: JSTOR reference number; for example: |jstor=3793107. Aliases: JSTOR.
lccn: Library of Congress Control Number. When present, alphabetic prefix characters are to be lower case and without a space; example |lccn=79-57364 or |lccn=2004042477 or |lccn=e09001178. Aliases: LCCN.
If target page is not a template, then use {{R from shortcut}} instead.
Template shortcuts are Wikilinked on community pages, talk pages and edit summaries, but not in mainspace articles. Transclusions in mainspace are common and do not need to be "fixed".
Note:Template talk pages are in a talk namespace; they are not in the template namespace. All shortcuts to talk pages should be tagged with {{R from shortcut}}.
When appropriate, protection levels are automatically sensed, described and categorized.
. Aliases: PMC.
pmc-embargo-date: Date that pmc goes live; if this date is in the future, then pmc is not linked until that date. Aliases: none.
pmid: PubMed; use unique identifier; example |pmid=17322060
If target page is not a template, then use {{R from shortcut}} instead.
Template shortcuts are Wikilinked on community pages, talk pages and edit summaries, but not in mainspace articles. Transclusions in mainspace are common and do not need to be "fixed".
Note:Template talk pages are in a talk namespace; they are not in the template namespace. All shortcuts to talk pages should be tagged with {{R from shortcut}}.
When appropriate, protection levels are automatically sensed, described and categorized.
s2cid: Semantic Scholar corpus ID; example |s2cid=37220927. Aliases: S2CID.
zbl: Template:Lang; example |zbl=0472.53010 For zbMATH search results like JFM 35.0387.02 use |jfm=35.0387.02. Aliases: ZBL.
In very rare cases, valid identifiers (f.e., as actually printed on publications) do not follow their defined standard format or use non-conforming checksums, which would typically cause an error message to be shown. Do not alter them to match a different checksum. In order to suppress the error message, some identifiers (Template:Para, Template:Para, Template:Para, Template:Para, and Template:Para) support a special accept-this-as-written markup which can be applied to disable the error-checking (as Template:Para). If the problem is down to a mere typographical error in a third-party source, correct the identifier value instead of overriding the error message.
For some identifiers, it is possible to specify the access status using the corresponding Template:Para parameter.
For {{cite journal}}, some identifiers (specifying free resources) will automatically be linked to the title when Template:Para and Template:Para are not used to specify a different link target. This behaviour can be overridden by one out of a number of special keywords for Template:Para to manually select a specific source (Template:Para or Template:Para) for auto-linking or to disable the feature (Template:Para).
It is not necessary to specify a URL to a link identical to a link also produced by an identifier. The Template:Para parameter (or Template:Para) can then be used for providing a direct deep link to the corresponding document or a convenience link to a resource that would not otherwise be obviously accessible.
Quote
quote: Relevant text quoted from the source. Displays enclosed in quotes. When supplied, the citation terminator (a period by default) is suppressed, so the quote must include terminating punctuation. If script-quote is defined, use quote to hold a Romanization (if available) of the text in script-quote.
script-quote: Original quotation for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc.); not italicized, follows italicized Romanization defined in quote (if available). Alias: none. Must be prefixed with one of the script-<param>= language codes|supported language codes to help browsers properly display the script:
OR: quote-pages: A list or range of pages quoted in Template:Para. Use either Template:Para or Template:Para, but not both. Should be a subset of the pages specified in Template:Para or Template:Para. Separate using an en dash (–); separate non-sequential pages with a comma (,). Displays preceded by pp. unless Template:Para is defined. Hyphens are automatically converted to en dashes; if hyphens are appropriate because individual page numbers contain hyphens, for example: pp. 3-1–3-15, use double parentheses to tell the template to display the value of Template:Para without processing it, and use {{hyphen}} to indicate to editors that a hyphen is really intended: Template:Para. Alias: none.
Editors
editor-last: surname of editor. Do not wikilink—use editor-link instead. Where the surname is usually written first—as in Chinese—or for corporate authors, simply use editor-last to include the same format as the source. Aliases: editor-last1, editor1-last, editor-surname, editor-surname1, editor1-surname, editor, editor1.
editor: This parameter is used to hold the complete name of a single editor (first and last), or the name of an editorial committee. This parameter should never hold the names of more than one editor.
editor-first: given or first names of editor, including title(s); example: Firstname Middlename or Firstname M. or Dr. Firstname M., Sr. Do not wikilink—use editor-link instead. Aliases: editor-first1, editor1-first, editor-given, editor-given1, editor1-given.
OR: for multiple editors, use editor-last1, editor-first1 through editor-lastn, editor-firstn (Aliases: editorn-last, editor-surnamen or editorn-surname; editorn-first, editor-givenn or editorn-given; editorn). For an individual editor plus an institutional editor, you can use Template:ParaTemplate:ParaTemplate:Para.
editor-link: title of existing Wikipedia article about the editor—not the editor's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: editor-link1.
OR: for multiple editors, use editor-link1 through editor-linkn (alias editorn-link).
name-list-style: accepts a limited list of keywords as value; when set to amp, ampersand, or &, inserts an ampersand between the last two names in a name list; when set to and, inserts the conjunction 'and' between the last two names of a name list; when set to vancdisplays name lists in Vancouver style when the lists use the last/first forms of name parameters.
veditors: comma separated list of editor names in Vancouver style; enclose corporate or institutional names in doubled parentheses. End with etal if appropriate:
editor-linkn and editor-maskn may be used for the individual names in Template:Para, as described above
Display:
Use display-editors to control the length of the displayed editor name list and to specify when "et al." is included.
If authors: Authors are first, followed by the included work, then "In" and the editors, then the main work.
If no authors: Editors appear before the included work; a single editor is followed by "ed."; multiple editors are followed by "eds."
Display options
mode: Sets element separator, default terminal punctuation, and certain capitalization according to the value provided. For Template:Para, element separator and terminal punctuation is a period (.); where appropriate, initial letters of certain words are capitalized ('Retrieved...'). For Template:Para, element separator is a comma (,); terminal punctuation is omitted; where appropriate, initial letters of certain words are not capitalized ('retrieved...'). To override default terminal punctuation use postscript.
author-mask:
contributor-mask:
editor-mask:
interviewer-mask:
subject-mask:
translator-mask:
Replaces the name of the (first) author with em dashes or text. Set <name>-mask to a numeric value n to set the dash n em spaces wide; set <name>-mask to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, "with". The numeric value 0 is a special case to be used in conjunction with <name>-link—in this case, the value of <name>-link will be used as (linked) text. In either case, you must still include the values for all names for metadata purposes. Primarily intended for use with bibliographies or bibliography styles where multiple works by a single author are listed sequentially such as shortened footnotes. Do not use in a list generated by {{reflist}}, <references /> or similar as there is no control of the order in which references are displayed. Mask parameters can take an enumerator in the name of the parameter (e.g. Template:Para) to apply the mask to a specific name.
display-authors:
display-contributors:
display-editors:
display-interviewers:
display-subjects:
display-translators:
Controls the number of author or editor names that are displayed when a citation is published. To change the displayed number of names, set display-authors and/or display-editors to the desired number. For example, Template:Para will display only the first two authors in a citation (and not affect the display of editors). Likewise, Template:Para will display only the first two editors (and all authors). Template:Para and Template:Para are special cases suppressing the display of all authors or editors including the et al. By default, all authors and editors are displayed. Template:Para displays all authors in the list followed by et al. Aliases: none.
postscript: Controls the closing punctuation for a citation; defaults to a period (.); for no terminating punctuation, specify Template:Para – leaving Template:Para empty is the same as omitting it, but is ambiguous. Additional text or templates beyond the terminating punctuation may generate an error message. Template:Para is ignored if quote is defined.
Subscription or registration required
Citations of online sources that require registration or a subscription are acceptable in Wikipedia as documented in Verifiability § Access to sources. As a courtesy to readers and other editors, editors should signal restrictions on access to material provided via the external links included in a citation. These levels describe requirements or constraints related to accessing and viewing the cited material; they are not intended to indicate the ability to reuse, or the copyright status, of the material, since that status is not relevant to verifying claims in articles.
free: the source is free to read for anyone (from the viewpoint of the provider of the source – could still be blocked by client-side filtering or safeguarding, or distributor-based geoblocking)
registration: a free registration with the provider of the source is required to access the source, even if a limited preview, abstract or review may still be available without registration
limited: there are other constraints (such as a cap on daily views, a restriction to certain day or night times, or providing the contents only to certain IP ranges/locales on behalf of the provider of the source) to freely access this source as a whole
subscription: the source as a whole is only accessible via a paid subscription with the provider of the source ("paywall"), even if a limited preview, abstract or review may still be available without subscription
As there are often multiple external links with different access levels in the same citation, each value is attributed to a specific external link.
Access indicators for url-holding parameters
Online sources linked by Template:Para, Template:Para, Template:Para, Template:Para, Template:Para, Template:Para, and Template:Para are presumed to be free-to-read. When they are not free-to-read, editors should mark those sources with the matching access-indicator parameter so that an appropriate icon is included in the rendered citation. Because the sources linked by these url-holding parameters are presumed to be free-to-read, they may not be marked as free.
Links inserted by named identifiers are presumed to lie behind a paywall or registration barrier – exceptions listed below. When they are free-to-read, editors should mark those sources with the matching access-indicator parameter so that an appropriate icon is included in the rendered citation. When the sources linked by these named-identifier parameters are not presumed to carry a free-to-read full text (for instance because they're just abstracting services), they may not be marked as limited, registration, or subscription.
Some named-identifiers are always free-to-read. For those named identifiers there are no access-indicator parameters; the access level is automatically indicated by the template. These named identifiers are:
For embargoed pmc that will become available in the future, see pmc-embargo-date.
TemplateData
This is the TemplateData for this template used by TemplateWizard, VisualEditor and other tools. Click here to see a monthly parameter usage report for this template based on this TemplateData.
TemplateData for Cite news
This template formats a citation to a news article in print, video, audio or web using the provided source information (e.g. author, publication, date) and various formatting options.
The surname of the author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link'.
Line
suggested
First name
firstfirst1
Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link'.
Line
suggested
Author link
author-linkauthor-link1author1-link
Title of existing Wikipedia article about the author; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors
Page name
optional
Last name 2
last2author2
The surname of the second author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link2'.
Unknown
optional
First name 2
first2
Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second author; don't wikilink.
Unknown
optional
Author link 2
author-link2author2-link
Title of existing Wikipedia article about the second author.
Page name
optional
Last name 3
last3author3
The surname of the third author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link3'.
Unknown
optional
First name 3
first3
Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third author; don't wikilink.
Unknown
optional
Author link 3
author-link3author3-link
Title of existing Wikipedia article about the third author.
Page name
optional
Last name 4
last4author4
The surname of the fourth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link4'.
Unknown
optional
First name 4
first4
Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourth author; don't wikilink.
Unknown
optional
Author link 4
author-link4author4-link
Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourth author.
Page name
optional
Last name 5
last5author5
The surname of the fifth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link5'.
Unknown
optional
First name 5
first5
Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth author; don't wikilink.
Unknown
optional
Author link 5
author-link5author5-link
Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifth author.
Page name
optional
Last name 6
last6author6
The surname of the sixth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link6'.
Unknown
optional
First name 6
first6
Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth author; don't wikilink.
Unknown
optional
Author link 6
author-link6author6-link
Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth author.
Page name
optional
Last name 7
last7author7
The surname of the seventh author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link7'.
Unknown
optional
First name 7
first7
Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh author; don't wikilink.
Unknown
optional
Author link 7
author-link7author7-link
Title of existing Wikipedia article about the seventh author.
Page name
optional
Last name 8
last8author8
The surname of the eighth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link8'.
Unknown
optional
First name 8
first8
Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth author; don't wikilink.
Unknown
optional
Author link 8
author-link8author8-link
Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eighth author.
Page name
optional
Last name 9
last9author9
The surname of the ninth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link9'.
Unknown
optional
First name 9
first9
Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth author; don't wikilink.
Unknown
optional
Author link 9
author-link9author9-link
Title of existing Wikipedia article about the ninth author.
Page name
optional
Author mask
author-mask
Replaces the name of the first author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead
String
optional
Display authors
display-authors
number of authors to display before 'et al.' is used;
Number
optional
Name list style
name-list-style
Set to 'amp' or 'and' to change the separator between the last two names of the name list to ' & ' or ' and ', respectively. Set to 'vanc' to display name lists in Vancouver style.
String
optional
Source date
date
Full date of the source; do not wikilink
Date
suggested
Year of publication
year
Year of the source being referenced; use 'date' instead, if month and day are also known
The surname of the editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors; alias of 'editor1-last', 'editor', and 'editors'
Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors; alias of 'editor1-first'
Unknown
optional
Editor link
editor-linkeditor-link1
Title of existing Wikipedia article about the editor; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors; alias of 'editor1-link'
Page name
optional
Others
others
Used to record other contributions to the work, such as 'Illustrated by John Smith' or 'Translated by John Smith'
String
optional
Source title
title
The title of the article as it appears in the source; displays in quotes
String
required
Script title
script-title
For titles in languages that do not use a Latin-based alphabet (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, etc). Prefix with two-character ISO639-1 language code followed by a colon. For Japanese use: |script-title=ja:...
String
optional
Translated title
trans-title
An English language title, if the source cited is in a foreign language; 'language' is recommended
String
optional
URL
urlURL
The URL of the online location where the text of the publication can be found. Requires schemes of the type "http://..." or maybe even the protocol relative scheme "//..."
Example
https://www.nytimes.com/...
URL
suggested
URL access level
url-access
Classification of the access restrictions on the URL ('registration', 'subscription' or 'limited')
Suggested values
registrationsubscriptionlimited
String
optional
URL status
url-status
If set to 'live', the title display is adjusted; useful for when the URL is archived preemptively but still live. Set to 'dead' if the original URL is broken. If the original URL is 'live' but no longer supports the article text, set to 'deviated'. Set to 'unfit' or 'usurped' if the original URL is no longer suitable (spam, advertising, etc.) which will make the original link not appear at all.
Suggested values
deadliveusurpedunfitdeviated
Default
'dead' if an Archive URL is entered
Example
'dead' or 'live'
String
suggested
Archive URL
archive-urlarchiveurl
The URL of an archived copy of a web page, if or in case the URL becomes unavailable; requires 'archive-date'
String
suggested
Archive date
archive-datearchivedate
Date when the original URL was archived; do not wikilink
String
suggested
URL access date
access-dateaccessdate
The full date when the original URL was accessed; do not wikilink
Date
suggested
Name of publication
workjournalmagazineperiodicalnewspaperwebsite
Name of the newspaper, magazine or periodical; displays after title
Example
[[The Wall Street Journal]]
String
suggested
Department
department
Department within the periodical
String
optional
Publisher
publisherinstitution
Name of the parent institution or company that publishes the newspaper, magazine, or periodical; displays after name of the publication
Example
[[Gannett]]
String
optional
Location of publication
locationplace
Geographical place of publication; usually not wikilinked; omit when the publication name includes place; alias of 'place'
String
optional
Page
page
Page in the source that supports the content; displays after 'p.'
String
optional
Pages
pages
Pages in the source that support the content (not an indication of the number of pages in the source); displays after 'pp.'
Example
2–3
String
suggested
At
at
May be used instead of 'page' or 'pages' where a page number is inappropriate or insufficient
String
optional
Language
language
The language in which the source is written, if not English; use a two-letter language code or the full language name. Do not use icons or templates
String
optional
Type
type
Additional information about the media type of the source; format in sentence case
String
optional
Format
format
Format of the work referred to by 'url'; examples: PDF, DOC, XLS; do not specify HTML
String
optional
Edition
edition
When the publication has more than one edition; for example: '2nd', 'Revised' etc.; suffixed with ' ed.'
String
optional
Place of publication
publication-place
Publication place shows after title; if 'place' or 'location' are also given, they are displayed before the title prefixed with 'written at'
String
optional
Publication date
publication-date
Date of publication when different from the date the work was written; do not wikilink
Auto value
Date
optional
Via
via
Identify the aggregator of the resource that provided the digital version (usually a database provider), when it differs from the publisher (e.g., for The Wikipedia Library)
Example
[[EBSCOHost]], [[Proquest]], [[Newspapers.com]]
String
optional
Volume
volume
For one publication published in several volumes. Usually a number. Do not prepend with vol. or v.
Example
3
String
optional
Issue
issuenumber
Issue identifier when the source is part of a series that is published periodically. Usually a number. Do not prepend with no.
Example
4
Line
optional
No pp
no-pp
Set to 'y' to suppress the 'p.' or 'pp.' display with 'page' or 'pages' when inappropriate (such as 'Front cover')
Auto value
y
Boolean
optional
arXiv identifier
arxiv
An identifier for arXive electronic preprints of scientific papers
String
optional
ASIN
asin
Amazon Standard Identification Number; 10 characters
String
optional
ASIN TLD
asin-tld
ASIN top-level domain for Amazon sites other than the US
International Standard Book Number; use the 13-digit ISBN where possible
String
optional
ISSN
issnISSN
International Standard Serial Number; 8 characters; may be split into two groups of four using a hyphen
String
optional
jfm code
jfm
Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik classification code
String
optional
JSTOR
jstor
JSTOR identifier
String
optional
LCCN
lccn
Library of Congress Control Number
String
optional
MR
mr
Mathematical Reviews identifier
String
optional
OCLC
oclc
Online Computer Library Center number
String
optional
OL
ol
Open Library identifier
String
optional
OSTI
osti
Office of Scientific and Technical Information identifier
String
optional
PMC
pmc
PubMed Center article number
String
optional
PMID
pmid
PubMed Unique Identifier
String
optional
RFC
rfc
Request for Comments number
String
optional
SSRN
ssrn
Social Science Research Network
String
optional
Zbl
zbl
Zentralblatt MATH journal identifier
String
optional
id
id
A unique identifier used where none of the specialized ones are applicable
String
optional
Quote
quote
Relevant text quoted from the source; displays last, enclosed in quotes; needs to include terminating punctuation
String
optional
Translated quote
trans-quote
English translation of the quotation if the source quoted is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets.
String
optional
Ref
ref
An anchor identifier; can be made the target of wikilinks to full references; special value 'harv' generates an anchor suitable for the harv and sfn templates
String
optional
Postscript
postscript
The closing punctuation for the citation; ignored if 'quote' is defined; to suppress use reserved keyword 'none'
Default
.
String
optional
Bibcode access level
bibcode-access
If the full text is available from ADS via this Bibcode, type 'free'.
Suggested values
free
String
optional
DOI access level
doi-access
If the full text is free to read via the DOI, type 'free'.
Suggested values
free
String
optional
HDL access level
hdl-access
If the full text is free to read via the HDL, type 'free'.
Suggested values
free
String
optional
Jstor access level
jstor-access
If the full text is free to read on Jstor, type 'free'.
Suggested values
free
String
optional
OpenLibrary access level
ol-access
If the full text is free to read on OpenLibrary, type 'free'.
Suggested values
free
String
optional
OSTI access level
osti-access
If the full text is free to read on OSTI, type 'free'.
Suggested values
free
String
optional
Agency
agency
The news agency (wire service) that provided the content; examples: Associated Press, Reuters, Agence France-Presse
