Help:Displaying a formula

Fractions

Fractions sometimes occur in regular text, and need proper presentation. Only a limited number are covered in the UTF-8 repertoire: they are ¼ ½ ¾ ⅓ ⅔ ⅕ ⅖ ⅗ ⅘ ⅙ ⅚ ⅛ ⅜ ⅝ ⅞

A number of these fractions have been added to the characters bar at the bottom of the edit page. The remainder have been left off since they do not render in the font used for Wikisource. They will appear here if your computer has Lucida Sans Unicode. They are overlarge compared with the regular font size.

Other fractions can be done with keyboard figures (like 11/16, 27/32, et cetera), but they are intrusive, being overlarge. More elegant fractions can be made by HTML coding, such as using the superscript/subscript markup.

Thus, 11/16 will be displayed by <span style="vertical-align:super;font-size:x-small">11</span>/<span style="vertical-align:sub;font-size:x-small">16</span>

Template:frac will produce ¹¹⁄₁₆;

{{fs70|{{frac|11|16}}}} fits inline: ¹¹⁄₁₆

Template:sfrac will produce vertical fractions fitting in with the Mediawiki typeface. Ex. 4 3/4, 67/83726;

{{fs70|{{sfrac|4|3}}}} fits inline: 4/3

Fractions can also be made with the TeX, but they do not match the Mediawiki typeface.

Functions

Functions are rendered in EMEA Support Wiki's by TeX using Mathoid. The text here is from the following sources:

• Help:Displaying a formula (Meta-Wiki)
• Help:Fractions_and_functions (Wiki-Source)
• Help:Displaying_a_formula (Wikipedia)
• TeX Cookbook, Local Copy

TeX

w:MediaWiki uses a subset of TeX markup for mathematical formulae. See meta:MediaWiki math markup

It generates either PNG images or simple HTML markup, depending on user preferences and the complexity of the expression. In the future, as more browsers are smarter, it will be able to generate enhanced HTML or even MathML in many cases.

(More precisely, w:MediaWiki filters the markup through Texvc, which in turn passes the commands to TeX for the actual rendering. Thus, only a limited part of the full w:TeX language is supported; see below for details.)

Math markup goes inside <math> ... </math>. The edit toolbar has a button for this.

MediaWiki templates, variables and parameters cannot be used within math tags, see Demo of attempt to use parameters within TeX.

The PNG images are black on white (not transparent). These colors, as well as font sizes and types, are independent of browser settings or css. Font sizes and types will often deviate from what HTML renders. The css selector of the images is img.tex.

In the case of a non-white page background, the white background of the formula effectively highlights it, which can be an advantage or a disadvantage.

One may want to avoid using TeX markup as part of a line of regular text, as the formulae don't align properly and the font size, as said, usually does not match.

The alt attribute of the TeX images (the text that is displayed if your browser can't display images; Internet Explorer even shows it up in the hover box) is the wikitext that produced them, excluding the <math> and </math>.

Discussion, bug reports and feature requests should go to the Wikitech-l mailing list. These can also be filed on Mediazilla under MediaWiki extensions.

General

Spaces and newlines are mostly ignored. Apart from function and operator names, as is customary in mathematics for variables, letters are in italics; digits are not. For other text, (like variable labels) to avoid being rendered in italics like variables, use \mbox or \mathrm: <math>\mbox{abc}</math> gives ${\mbox{abc}}$

Line breaks help keep the wikitext clear, for instance, a line break after each term or matrix row.

Size

There are some possibilities, to change the size of the formulas. For example, fractions can be made smaller using \tfrac instead of \frac.

${\frac {10}{100}}$ becomes ${\tfrac {10}{100}}$.

In general, formulas can be made even smaller if \scriptstyle is employed:

${\sqrt {1-{\frac {v^{2}}{c^{2}}}}}$ becomes $\scriptstyle {\sqrt {1-{\frac {v^{2}}{c^{2}}}}}$.

Special characters

<math>\text {abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzàáâãäåæçčďèéěêëìíîïňñòóôõöřšť÷øùúůûüýÿž}</math> <math>\text {abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzàáâãäåæçčèéêëìíîïñòóôõö÷øùúûüýÿ}\,</math>

gives:

${\text{abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzàáâãäåæçčďèéěêëìíîïňñòóôõöřšť÷øùúůûüýÿž}}$ ${\text{abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzàáâãäåæçčèéêëìíîïñòóôõö÷øùúûüýÿ}}\,$

Or, using \mbox instead of \text, pretty much the same:

For example, <math>\mbox {abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzàáâãäåæçčďèéěêëìíîïňñòóôõöřšť÷øùúůûüýÿž}</math> <math>\mbox {abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzàáâãäåæçčèéêëìíîïñòóôõö÷øùúûüýÿ}\,</math>

gives: ${\mbox{abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzàáâãäåæçčďèéěêëìíîïňñòóôõöřšť÷øùúůûüýÿž}}$ ${\mbox{abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzàáâãäåæçčèéêëìíîïñòóôõö÷øùúûüýÿ}}\,$

But \mbox{ð} and \mbox{þ}: ${\mbox{ð}}$ ${\mbox{þ}}$ Using \text{} ${\text{ð}}$ ${\text{þ}}$

For producing special characters without math tags, see Special characters.

Comparison: &alpha; gives "α" <math>\alpha</math> gives $\alpha$, ("&" and ";" vs. "\", in this case the same code word "alpha"); &radic;2 gives "√2" <math>\sqrt{2}</math> gives ${\sqrt {2}}$ (the same difference as above, but also another code word, "radic" vs. "sqrt"; in TeX braces); &radic;(1-''e''&sup2;) gives √(1-e²), <math>\sqrt{1-e^2}</math> gives ${\sqrt {1-e^{2}}}$, (parentheses vs. braces, "''e''" vs. "e", "&sup2;" vs. "^2").

The following symbols are reserved characters that either have a special meaning under LaTeX or are unavailable in all the fonts.

# $ % ^ & _ { } ~ \

Some of these can be entered with a backslash in front:

<math>\# \$ \% \& \_ \{ \} </math> gives $\#\$\%\&\_\{\}$

Others have special names:

<math> \hat{} \quad \tilde{} \quad \backslash </math> gives ${\hat {}}\quad {\tilde {}}\quad \backslash$

TeX and HTML

Before introducing TeX markup for producing special characters, it should be noted that, as this comparison table shows, sometimes similar results can be achieved in HTML (see w:Help:Special characters).

TeX Syntax (forcing PNG)	TeX Rendering	HTML Syntax	HTML Rendering
<math>\alpha</math>	$\alpha$	{{math|<var>&alpha;</var>}}	α
<math> f(x) = x^2\,</math>	$f(x)=x^{2}\,$	{{math|''f''(<var>x</var>) {{=}} <var>x</var><sup>2</sup>}}	f(x) = x2
<math>\sqrt{2}</math>	${\sqrt {2}}$	{{math|{{radical|2}}}}	√2
<math>\sqrt{1-e^2}</math>	${\sqrt {1-e^{2}}}$	{{math|{{radical|1 &minus; ''e''&sup2;}}}}	√1 − e²

The codes on the left produce the symbols on the right, but the latter can also be put directly in the wikitext, except for ‘=’.

Syntax	Rendering
α β γ δ ε ζ η θ ι κ λ μ ν ξ ο π ρ σ ς τ υ φ χ ψ ω Γ Δ Θ Λ Ξ Π Σ Φ Ψ Ω	α β γ δ ε ζ η θ ι κ λ μ ν ξ ο π ρ σ ς τ υ φ χ ψ ω Γ Δ Θ Λ Ξ Π Σ Φ Ψ Ω
∫ ∑ ∏ √ − ± &infty; ≈ ∝ {{=}} ≡ ≠ ≤ ≥ × ⋅ ÷ ∂ ′ ″ ∇ ‰ ° ∴ Ø ø ∈ ∉ ∩ ∪ ⊂ ⊃ ⊆ ⊇ ¬ ∧ ∨ ∃ ∀ ⇒ ⇔ → ↔ ↑ ℵ - – —	∫ ∑ ∏ √ − ± ∞ ≈ ∝ = ≡ ≠ ≤ ≥ × ⋅ ÷ ∂ ′ ″ ∇ ‰ ° ∴ Ø ø ∈ ∉ ∩ ∪ ⊂ ⊃ ⊆ ⊇ ¬ ∧ ∨ ∃ ∀ ⇒ ⇔ → ↔ ↑ ℵ - – —

The project has settled on both HTML and TeX because each has advantages in some situations.

Pros of HTML

1. Formulas in HTML behave more like regular text. In-line HTML formulae always align properly with the rest of the HTML text and, to some degree, can be cut-and-pasted (this is not a problem if TeX is rendered using MathJax, and the alignment should not be a problem for PNG rendering once bug 32694 is fixed).
2. The formula’s background and font size match the rest of HTML contents (this can be fixed on TeX formulas by using the commands \pagecolor and \definecolor) and the appearance respects CSS and browser settings while the typeface is conveniently altered to help you identify formulae.
3. Pages using HTML code for formulae use less data to transmit, which is important to users with slow or capped Internet connections (e.g. those using dialup or mobile Internet connections which are either slow or have a data cap).
4. Formulae typeset with HTML code will be accessible to client-side script links (a.k.a. scriptlets).
5. The display of a formula entered using mathematical templates can be conveniently altered by modifying the templates involved; this modification will affect all relevant formulae without any manual intervention.
6. The HTML code, if entered diligently, will contain all semantic information to transform the equation back to TeX or any other code as needed. It can even contain differences TeX does not normally catch, e.g. {{math|''i''}} for the imaginary unit and {{math|<var>i</var>}} for an arbitrary index variable.
7. Formulae using HTML code will render as sharp as possible no matter what device is used to render them.

Pros of TeX

1. TeX is semantically more precise than HTML.
   1. In TeX, "<math>x</math>" means "mathematical variable $x$", whereas in HTML "x" is generic and somewhat ambiguous.
   2. On the other hand, if you encode the same formula as "{{math|<var>x</var>}}", you get the same visual result x and no information is lost. This requires diligence and more typing that could make the formula harder to understand as you type it. However, since there are far more readers than editors, this effort is worth considering if no other rendering options are available (such as MathJax, which was requested on bug 31406 for use on Wikimedia wikis and is being implemented on Extension:Math as a new rendering option).
2. One consequence of point 1 is that TeX code can be transformed into HTML, but not vice-versa. This means that on the server side we can always transform a formula, based on its complexity and location within the text, user preferences, type of browser, etc. Therefore, where possible, all the benefits of HTML can be retained, together with the benefits of TeX. It is true that the current situation is not ideal, but that is not a good reason to drop information/contents. It is more a reason to help improve the situation.
3. Another consequence of point 1 is that TeX can be converted to MathML (e.g. by MathJax) for browsers which support it, thus keeping its semantics and allowing the rendering to be better suited for the reader’s graphic device.
4. TeX is the preferred text formatting language of most professional mathematicians, scientists, and engineers. It is easier to persuade them to contribute if they can write in TeX.
5. TeX has been specifically designed for typesetting formulae, so input is easier and more natural if you are accustomed to it, and output is more aesthetically pleasing if you focus on a single formula rather than on the whole containing page.
6. Once a formula is done correctly in TeX, it will render reliably, whereas the success of HTML formulae is somewhat dependent on browsers or versions of browsers. Another aspect of this dependency is fonts: the serif font used for rendering formulae is browser-dependent and it may be missing some important glyphs. While the browser generally capable to substitute a matching glyph from a different font family, it need not be the case for combined glyphs (compare ‘ 

See also: a̅ ’ and ‘ a̅ ’).

1. When writing in TeX, editors need not worry about whether this or that version of this or that browser supports this or that HTML entity. The burden of these decisions is put on the software. This does not hold for HTML formulae, which can easily end up being rendered wrongly or differently from the editor’s intentions on a different browser.
2. TeX formulae, by default, render larger and are usually more readable than HTML formulae and are not dependent on client-side browser resources, such as fonts, and so the results are more reliably WYSIWYG.
3. While TeX does not assist you in finding HTML codes or Unicode values (which you can obtain by viewing the HTML source in your browser), cutting and pasting from a TeX PNG in Wikipedia into simple text will return the LaTeX source.

 

  

dilHTML

unless your wikitext follows the style of point 1.2

 

  

entHTML

The entity support problem is not limited to mathematical formulae though; it can be easily solved by using the corresponding characters instead of entities, as the character repertoire links do, except for cases where the corresponding glyphs are visually indiscernible (e.g. &ndash; for ‘–’ and &minus; for ‘−’).

In some cases it may be the best choice to use neither TeX nor the html-substitutes, but instead the simple ASCII symbols of a standard keyboard (see below, for an example).

Functions, symbols, special characters

Accents & diacritics
\dot{a}, \ddot{a}, \acute{a}, \grave{a}	${\dot {a}},{\ddot {a}},{\acute {a}},{\grave {a}}\!$
\check{a}, \breve{a}, \tilde{a}, \bar{a}	${\check {a}},{\breve {a}},{\tilde {a}},{\bar {a}}\!$
\hat{a}, \widehat{a}, \vec{a}	${\hat {a}},{\widehat {a}},{\vec {a}}\!$
Standard numerical functions
\exp_a b = a^b, \exp b = e^b, 10^m	$\exp _{a}b=a^{b},\exp b=e^{b},10^{m}\!$
\ln c, \lg d = \log e, \log_{10} f	$\ln c,\lg d=\log e,\log _{10}f\!$
\sin a, \cos b, \tan c, \cot d, \sec e, \csc f	$\sin a,\cos b,\tan c,\cot d,\sec e,\csc f\!$
\arcsin h, \arccos i, \arctan j	$\arcsin h,\arccos i,\arctan j\!$
\sinh k, \cosh l, \tanh m, \coth n	$\sinh k,\cosh l,\tanh m,\coth n\!$
\operatorname{sh}\,k, \operatorname{ch}\,l, \operatorname{th}\,m, \operatorname{coth}\,n	$\operatorname {sh} \,k,\operatorname {ch} \,l,\operatorname {th} \,m,\operatorname {coth} \,n\!$
\operatorname{argsh}\,o, \operatorname{argch}\,p, \operatorname{argth}\,q	$\operatorname {argsh} \,o,\operatorname {argch} \,p,\operatorname {argth} \,q\!$
\sgn r, \left\vert s \right\vert	$\operatorname {sgn} r,\left\vert s\right\vert \!$
\min(x,y), \max(x,y)	$\min(x,y),\max(x,y)\!$
Bounds
\min x, \max y, \inf s, \sup t	$\min x,\max y,\inf s,\sup t\!$
\lim u, \liminf v, \limsup w	$\lim u,\liminf v,\limsup w\!$
\dim p, \deg q, \det m, \ker\phi	$\dim p,\deg q,\det m,\ker \phi \!$
Projections
\Pr j, \hom l, \lVert z \rVert, \arg z	$\Pr j,\hom l,\lVert z\rVert ,\arg z\!$
Differentials and derivatives
dt, \operatorname{d}\!t, \partial t, \nabla\psi	$dt,\operatorname {d} \!t,\partial t,\nabla \psi \!$
dy/dx, \operatorname{d}\!y/\operatorname{d}\!x, {dy \over dx}, {\operatorname{d}\!y\over\operatorname{d}\!x}, {\partial^2\over\partial x_1\partial x_2}y	$dy/dx,\operatorname {d} \!y/\operatorname {d} \!x,{dy \over dx},{\operatorname {d} \!y \over \operatorname {d} \!x},{\partial ^{2} \over \partial x_{1}\partial x_{2}}y\!$
\prime, \backprime, f^\prime, f', f'', f^{(3)}, \dot y, \ddot y	$\prime ,\backprime ,f^{\prime },f',f'',f^{(3)}\!,{\dot {y}},{\ddot {y}}$
Letter-like symbols or constants
\infty, \aleph, \complement, \backepsilon, \eth, \Finv, \hbar	$\infty ,\aleph ,\complement ,\backepsilon ,\eth ,\Finv ,\hbar \!$
\Im, \imath, \jmath, \Bbbk, \ell, \mho, \wp, \Re, \circledS	$\Im ,\imath ,\jmath ,\Bbbk ,\ell ,\mho ,\wp ,\Re ,\circledS \!$
Modular arithmetic
s_k \equiv 0 \pmod{m}	$s_{k}\equiv 0{\pmod {m}}\!$
a\,\bmod\,b	$a\,{\bmod {\,}}b\!$
\gcd(m, n), \operatorname{lcm}(m, n)	$\gcd(m,n),\operatorname {lcm} (m,n)$
\mid, \nmid, \shortmid, \nshortmid	$\mid ,\nmid ,\shortmid ,\nshortmid \!$
Radicals
\surd, \sqrt{2}, \sqrt[n]{}, \sqrt[3]{x^3+y^3 \over 2}	$\surd ,{\sqrt {2}},{\sqrt[{n}]{}},{\sqrt[{3}]{x^{3}+y^{3} \over 2}}\!$
Operators
+, -, \pm, \mp, \dotplus	$+,-,\pm ,\mp ,\dotplus \!$
\times, \div, \divideontimes, /, \backslash	$\times ,\div ,\divideontimes ,/,\backslash \!$
\cdot, * \ast, \star, \circ, \bullet	$\cdot ,*\ast ,\star ,\circ ,\bullet \!$
\boxplus, \boxminus, \boxtimes, \boxdot	$\boxplus ,\boxminus ,\boxtimes ,\boxdot \!$
\oplus, \ominus, \otimes, \oslash, \odot	$\oplus ,\ominus ,\otimes ,\oslash ,\odot \!$
\circleddash, \circledcirc, \circledast	$\circleddash ,\circledcirc ,\circledast \!$
\bigoplus, \bigotimes, \bigodot	$\bigoplus ,\bigotimes ,\bigodot \!$
Sets
\{ \}, \O \empty \emptyset, \varnothing	$\{\},\emptyset \emptyset \emptyset ,\varnothing \!$
\in, \notin \not\in, \ni, \not\ni	$\in ,\notin \not \in ,\ni ,\not \ni \!$
\cap, \Cap, \sqcap, \bigcap	$\cap ,\Cap ,\sqcap ,\bigcap \!$
\cup, \Cup, \sqcup, \bigcup, \bigsqcup, \uplus, \biguplus	$\cup ,\Cup ,\sqcup ,\bigcup ,\bigsqcup ,\uplus ,\biguplus \!$
\setminus, \smallsetminus, \times	$\setminus ,\smallsetminus ,\times \!$
\subset, \Subset, \sqsubset	$\subset ,\Subset ,\sqsubset \!$
\supset, \Supset, \sqsupset	$\supset ,\Supset ,\sqsupset \!$
\subseteq, \nsubseteq, \subsetneq, \varsubsetneq, \sqsubseteq	$\subseteq ,\nsubseteq ,\subsetneq ,\varsubsetneq ,\sqsubseteq \!$
\supseteq, \nsupseteq, \supsetneq, \varsupsetneq, \sqsupseteq	$\supseteq ,\nsupseteq ,\supsetneq ,\varsupsetneq ,\sqsupseteq \!$
\subseteqq, \nsubseteqq, \subsetneqq, \varsubsetneqq	$\subseteqq ,\nsubseteqq ,\subsetneqq ,\varsubsetneqq \!$
\supseteqq, \nsupseteqq, \supsetneqq, \varsupsetneqq	$\supseteqq ,\nsupseteqq ,\supsetneqq ,\varsupsetneqq \!$
Relations
=, \ne, \neq, \equiv, \not\equiv	$=,\neq ,\neq ,\equiv ,\not \equiv \!$
\doteq, \doteqdot, \overset{\underset{\mathrm{def}}{}}{=}, :=	$\doteq ,\doteqdot ,{\overset {\underset {\mathrm {def} }{}}{=}},:=\!$
\sim, \nsim, \backsim, \thicksim, \simeq, \backsimeq, \eqsim, \cong, \ncong	$\sim ,\nsim ,\backsim ,\thicksim ,\simeq ,\backsimeq ,\eqsim ,\cong ,\ncong \!$
\approx, \thickapprox, \approxeq, \asymp, \propto, \varpropto	$\approx ,\thickapprox ,\approxeq ,\asymp ,\propto ,\varpropto \!$
<, \nless, \ll, \not\ll, \lll, \not\lll, \lessdot	$<,\nless ,\ll ,\not \ll ,\lll ,\not \lll ,\lessdot \!$
>, \ngtr, \gg, \not\gg, \ggg, \not\ggg, \gtrdot	$>,\ngtr ,\gg ,\not \gg ,\ggg ,\not \ggg ,\gtrdot \!$
\le, \leq, \lneq, \leqq, \nleq, \nleqq, \lneqq, \lvertneqq	$\leq ,\leq ,\lneq ,\leqq ,\nleq ,\nleqq ,\lneqq ,\lvertneqq \!$
\ge, \geq, \gneq, \geqq, \ngeq, \ngeqq, \gneqq, \gvertneqq	$\geq ,\geq ,\gneq ,\geqq ,\ngeq ,\ngeqq ,\gneqq ,\gvertneqq \!$
\lessgtr, \lesseqgtr, \lesseqqgtr, \gtrless, \gtreqless, \gtreqqless	$\lessgtr ,\lesseqgtr ,\lesseqqgtr ,\gtrless ,\gtreqless ,\gtreqqless \!$
\leqslant, \nleqslant, \eqslantless	$\leqslant ,\nleqslant ,\eqslantless \!$
\geqslant, \ngeqslant, \eqslantgtr	$\geqslant ,\ngeqslant ,\eqslantgtr \!$
\lesssim, \lnsim, \lessapprox, \lnapprox	$\lesssim ,\lnsim ,\lessapprox ,\lnapprox \!$
\gtrsim, \gnsim, \gtrapprox, \gnapprox	$\gtrsim ,\gnsim ,\gtrapprox ,\gnapprox \,$
\prec, \nprec, \preceq, \npreceq, \precneqq	$\prec ,\nprec ,\preceq ,\npreceq ,\precneqq \!$
\succ, \nsucc, \succeq, \nsucceq, \succneqq	$\succ ,\nsucc ,\succeq ,\nsucceq ,\succneqq \!$
\preccurlyeq, \curlyeqprec	$\preccurlyeq ,\curlyeqprec \,$
\succcurlyeq, \curlyeqsucc	$\succcurlyeq ,\curlyeqsucc \,$
\precsim, \precnsim, \precapprox, \precnapprox	$\precsim ,\precnsim ,\precapprox ,\precnapprox \,$
\succsim, \succnsim, \succapprox, \succnapprox	$\succsim ,\succnsim ,\succapprox ,\succnapprox \,$
Geometric
\parallel, \nparallel, \shortparallel, \nshortparallel	$\parallel ,\nparallel ,\shortparallel ,\nshortparallel \!$
\perp, \angle, \sphericalangle, \measuredangle, 45^\circ	$\perp ,\angle ,\sphericalangle ,\measuredangle ,45^{\circ }\!$
\Box, \blacksquare, \diamond, \Diamond \lozenge, \blacklozenge, \bigstar	$\Box ,\blacksquare ,\diamond ,\Diamond \lozenge ,\blacklozenge ,\bigstar \!$
\bigcirc, \triangle, \bigtriangleup, \bigtriangledown	$\bigcirc ,\triangle ,\bigtriangleup ,\bigtriangledown \!$
\vartriangle, \triangledown	$\vartriangle ,\triangledown \!$
\blacktriangle, \blacktriangledown, \blacktriangleleft, \blacktriangleright	$\blacktriangle ,\blacktriangledown ,\blacktriangleleft ,\blacktriangleright \!$
Logic
\forall, \exists, \nexists	$\forall ,\exists ,\nexists \!$
\therefore, \because, \And	$\therefore ,\because ,\And \!$
\or \lor \vee, \curlyvee, \bigvee	$\lor \lor \vee ,\curlyvee ,\bigvee \!$
\and \land \wedge, \curlywedge, \bigwedge	$\land \land \wedge ,\curlywedge ,\bigwedge \!$
\bar{q}, \bar{abc}, \overline{q}, \overline{abc}, \lnot \neg, \not\operatorname{R}, \bot, \top	${\bar {q}},{\bar {abc}},{\overline {q}},{\overline {abc}},\!$ $\lnot \neg ,\not \operatorname {R} ,\bot ,\top \!$
\vdash \dashv, \vDash, \Vdash, \models	$\vdash \dashv ,\vDash ,\Vdash ,\models \!$
\Vvdash \nvdash \nVdash \nvDash \nVDash	$\Vvdash \nvdash \nVdash \nvDash \nVDash \!$
\ulcorner \urcorner \llcorner \lrcorner	$\ulcorner \urcorner \llcorner \lrcorner \,$
Arrows
\Rrightarrow, \Lleftarrow	$\Rrightarrow ,\Lleftarrow \!$
\Rightarrow, \nRightarrow, \Longrightarrow \implies	$\Rightarrow ,\nRightarrow ,\Longrightarrow \implies \!$
\Leftarrow, \nLeftarrow, \Longleftarrow	$\Leftarrow ,\nLeftarrow ,\Longleftarrow \!$
\Leftrightarrow, \nLeftrightarrow, \Longleftrightarrow \iff	$\Leftrightarrow ,\nLeftrightarrow ,\Longleftrightarrow \iff \!$
\Uparrow, \Downarrow, \Updownarrow	$\Uparrow ,\Downarrow ,\Updownarrow \!$
\rightarrow \to, \nrightarrow, \longrightarrow	$\rightarrow \to ,\nrightarrow ,\longrightarrow \!$
\leftarrow \gets, \nleftarrow, \longleftarrow	$\leftarrow \gets ,\nleftarrow ,\longleftarrow \!$
\leftrightarrow, \nleftrightarrow, \longleftrightarrow	$\leftrightarrow ,\nleftrightarrow ,\longleftrightarrow \!$
\uparrow, \downarrow, \updownarrow	$\uparrow ,\downarrow ,\updownarrow \!$
\nearrow, \swarrow, \nwarrow, \searrow	$\nearrow ,\swarrow ,\nwarrow ,\searrow \!$
\mapsto, \longmapsto	$\mapsto ,\longmapsto \!$
\rightharpoonup \rightharpoondown \leftharpoonup \leftharpoondown \upharpoonleft \upharpoonright \downharpoonleft \downharpoonright \rightleftharpoons \leftrightharpoons	$\rightharpoonup \rightharpoondown \leftharpoonup \leftharpoondown \upharpoonleft \upharpoonright \downharpoonleft \downharpoonright \rightleftharpoons \leftrightharpoons \,\!$
\curvearrowleft \circlearrowleft \Lsh \upuparrows \rightrightarrows \rightleftarrows \rightarrowtail \looparrowright	$\curvearrowleft \circlearrowleft \Lsh \upuparrows \rightrightarrows \rightleftarrows \rightarrowtail \looparrowright \,\!$
\curvearrowright \circlearrowright \Rsh \downdownarrows \leftleftarrows \leftrightarrows \leftarrowtail \looparrowleft	$\curvearrowright \circlearrowright \Rsh \downdownarrows \leftleftarrows \leftrightarrows \leftarrowtail \looparrowleft \,\!$
\hookrightarrow \hookleftarrow \multimap \leftrightsquigarrow \rightsquigarrow \twoheadrightarrow \twoheadleftarrow	$\hookrightarrow \hookleftarrow \multimap \leftrightsquigarrow \rightsquigarrow \twoheadrightarrow \twoheadleftarrow \!$
Special
\amalg \P \S \% \dagger \ddagger \ldots \cdots	$\amalg \P \S \%\dagger \ddagger \ldots \cdots \!$
\smile \frown \wr \triangleleft \triangleright	$\smile \frown \wr \triangleleft \triangleright \!$
\diamondsuit, \heartsuit, \clubsuit, \spadesuit, \Game, \flat, \natural, \sharp	$\diamondsuit ,\heartsuit ,\clubsuit ,\spadesuit ,\Game ,\flat ,\natural ,\sharp \!$
Unsorted (new stuff)
\diagup \diagdown \centerdot \ltimes \rtimes \leftthreetimes \rightthreetimes	$\diagup \diagdown \centerdot \ltimes \rtimes \leftthreetimes \rightthreetimes \!$
\eqcirc \circeq \triangleq \bumpeq \Bumpeq \doteqdot \risingdotseq \fallingdotseq	$\eqcirc \circeq \triangleq \bumpeq \Bumpeq \doteqdot \risingdotseq \fallingdotseq \!$
\intercal \barwedge \veebar \doublebarwedge \between \pitchfork	$\intercal \barwedge \veebar \doublebarwedge \between \pitchfork \!$
\vartriangleleft \ntriangleleft \vartriangleright \ntriangleright	$\vartriangleleft \ntriangleleft \vartriangleright \ntriangleright \!$
\trianglelefteq \ntrianglelefteq \trianglerighteq \ntrianglerighteq	$\trianglelefteq \ntrianglelefteq \trianglerighteq \ntrianglerighteq \!$

For a little more semantics on these symbols, see the brief TeX Cookbook.

Larger expressions

Subscripts, superscripts, integrals

Feature	Syntax	How it looks rendered
Superscript	a^2	$a^{2}$
Subscript	a_2	$a_{2}$
Grouping	10^{30} a^{2+2}	$10^{30}a^{2+2}$
	a_{i,j} b_{f'}	$a_{i,j}b_{f'}$
Combining sub & super without and with horizontal separation	x_2^3	$x_{2}^{3}$
	{x_2}^3	${x_{2}}^{3}\,\!$
Super super	10^{10^{8}}	$10^{10^{8}}$
Preceding and/or additional sub & super	\sideset{_1^2}{_3^4}\prod_a^b	$\sideset {_{1}^{2}}{_{3}^{4}}\prod _{a}^{b}$
	{}_1^2\!\Omega_3^4	${}_{1}^{2}\!\Omega _{3}^{4}$
Stacking	\overset{\alpha}{\omega}	${\overset {\alpha }{\omega }}$
	\underset{\alpha}{\omega}	${\underset {\alpha }{\omega }}$
	\overset{\alpha}{\underset{\gamma}{\omega}}	${\overset {\alpha }{\underset {\gamma }{\omega }}}$
	\stackrel{\alpha}{\omega}	${\stackrel {\alpha }{\omega }}$
Derivatives	x', y'', f', f''	$x',y'',f',f''$
	x^\prime, y^{\prime\prime}	$x^{\prime },y^{\prime \prime }$
Derivative dots	\dot{x}, \ddot{x}	${\dot {x}},{\ddot {x}}$
Underlines, overlines, vectors	\hat a \ \bar b \ \vec c	${\hat {a}}\ {\bar {b}}\ {\vec {c}}$
	\overrightarrow{a b} \ \overleftarrow{c d} \ \widehat{d e f}	${\overrightarrow {ab}}\ {\overleftarrow {cd}}\ {\widehat {def}}$
	\overline{g h i} \ \underline{j k l}	${\overline {ghi}}\ {\underline {jkl}}$
Arc (workaround)	\overset{\frown} {AB}	${\overset {\frown }{AB}}$
Arrows	A \xleftarrow{n+\mu-1} B \xrightarrow[T]{n\pm i-1} C	$A\xleftarrow {n+\mu -1} B{\xrightarrow[{T}]{n\pm i-1}}C$
Overbraces	\overbrace{ 1+2+\cdots+100 }^{5050}	$\overbrace {1+2+\cdots +100} ^{5050}$
Underbraces	\underbrace{ a+b+\cdots+z }_{26}	$\underbrace {a+b+\cdots +z} _{26}$
Sum	\sum_{k=1}^N k^2	$\sum _{k=1}^{N}k^{2}$
Sum (force \textstyle)	\textstyle \sum_{k=1}^N k^2	$\textstyle \sum _{k=1}^{N}k^{2}$
Sum in a fraction (default \textstyle)	\frac{\sum_{k=1}^N k^2}{a}	${\frac {\sum _{k=1}^{N}k^{2}}{a}}$
Sum in a fraction (force \displaystyle)	\frac{\displaystyle \sum_{k=1}^N k^2}{a}	${\frac {\displaystyle \sum _{k=1}^{N}k^{2}}{a}}$
Sum in a fraction (alternative limits style)	\frac{\sum\limits^{^N}_{k=1} k^2}{a}	${\frac {\sum \limits _{k=1}^{^{N}}k^{2}}{a}}$
Product	\prod_{i=1}^N x_i	$\prod _{i=1}^{N}x_{i}$
Product (force \textstyle)	\textstyle \prod_{i=1}^N x_i	$\textstyle \prod _{i=1}^{N}x_{i}$
Coproduct	\coprod_{i=1}^N x_i	$\coprod _{i=1}^{N}x_{i}$
Coproduct (force \textstyle)	\textstyle \coprod_{i=1}^N x_i	$\textstyle \coprod _{i=1}^{N}x_{i}$
Limit	\lim_{n \to \infty}x_n	$\lim _{n\to \infty }x_{n}$
Limit (force \textstyle)	\textstyle \lim_{n \to \infty}x_n	$\textstyle \lim _{n\to \infty }x_{n}$
Integral	\int\limits_{1}^{3}\frac{e^3/x}{x^2}\, dx	$\int \limits _{1}^{3}{\frac {e^{3}/x}{x^{2}}}\,dx$
Integral (alternative limits style)	\int_{1}^{3}\frac{e^3/x}{x^2}\, dx	$\int _{1}^{3}{\frac {e^{3}/x}{x^{2}}}\,dx$
Integral (force \textstyle)	\textstyle \int\limits_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx	$\textstyle \int \limits _{-N}^{N}e^{x}\,dx$
Integral (force \textstyle, alternative limits style)	\textstyle \int_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx	$\textstyle \int _{-N}^{N}e^{x}\,dx$
Double integral	\iint\limits_D \, dx\,dy	$\iint \limits _{D}\,dx\,dy$
Triple integral	\iiint\limits_E \, dx\,dy\,dz	$\iiint \limits _{E}\,dx\,dy\,dz$
Quadruple integral	\iiiint\limits_F \, dx\,dy\,dz\,dt	$\iiiint \limits _{F}\,dx\,dy\,dz\,dt$
Line or path integral	\int_{(x,y)\in C} x^3\, dx + 4y^2\, dy	$\int _{(x,y)\in C}x^{3}\,dx+4y^{2}\,dy$
Closed line or path integral	\oint_{(x,y)\in C} x^3\, dx + 4y^2\, dy	$\oint _{(x,y)\in C}x^{3}\,dx+4y^{2}\,dy$
Intersections	\bigcap_{i=_1}^n E_i	$\bigcap _{i=_{1}}^{n}E_{i}$
Unions	\bigcup_{i=_1}^n E_i	$\bigcup _{i=_{1}}^{n}E_{i}$

Fractions, matrices, multilines

Feature	Syntax	How it looks rendered
Fractions	\frac{1}{2}=0.5	${\frac {1}{2}}=0.5$
Small ("text style") fractions	\tfrac{1}{2} = 0.5	${\tfrac {1}{2}}=0.5$
Large ("display style") fractions	\dfrac{k}{k-1} = 0.5	${\dfrac {k}{k-1}}=0.5$
Mixture of large and small fractions	\dfrac{ \tfrac{1}{2}[1-(\tfrac{1}{2})^n] }{ 1-\tfrac{1}{2} } = s_n	${\dfrac {{\tfrac {1}{2}}[1-({\tfrac {1}{2}})^{n}]}{1-{\tfrac {1}{2}}}}=s_{n}$
Continued fractions (note the difference in formatting)	\cfrac{2}{ c + \cfrac{2}{ d + \cfrac{1}{2} } } = a \qquad \dfrac{2}{ c + \dfrac{2}{ d + \dfrac{1}{2} } } = a	${\cfrac {2}{c+{\cfrac {2}{d+{\cfrac {1}{2}}}}}}=a\qquad {\dfrac {2}{c+{\dfrac {2}{d+{\dfrac {1}{2}}}}}}=a$
Binomial coefficients	\binom{n}{k}	${\binom {n}{k}}$
Small ("text style") binomial coefficients	\tbinom{n}{k}	${\tbinom {n}{k}}$
Large ("display style") binomial coefficients	\dbinom{n}{k}	${\dbinom {n}{k}}$
Matrices	\begin{matrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{matrix}	${\begin{matrix}x&y\\z&v\end{matrix}}$
	\begin{vmatrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{vmatrix}	${\begin{vmatrix}x&y\\z&v\end{vmatrix}}$
	\begin{Vmatrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{Vmatrix}	${\begin{Vmatrix}x&y\\z&v\end{Vmatrix}}$
	\begin{bmatrix} 0 & \cdots & 0 \\ \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ 0 & \cdots & 0 \end{bmatrix}	${\begin{bmatrix}0&\cdots &0\\\vdots &\ddots &\vdots \\0&\cdots &0\end{bmatrix}}$
	\begin{Bmatrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{Bmatrix}	${\begin{Bmatrix}x&y\\z&v\end{Bmatrix}}$
	\begin{pmatrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{pmatrix}	${\begin{pmatrix}x&y\\z&v\end{pmatrix}}$
	\bigl( \begin{smallmatrix} a&b\\ c&d \end{smallmatrix} \bigr)	${\bigl (}{\begin{smallmatrix}a&b\\c&d\end{smallmatrix}}{\bigr )}$
Arrays	\begin{array}{|c|c||c|} a & b & S \\ \hline 0&0&1\\ 0&1&1\\ 1&0&1\\ 1&1&0 \end{array}	${\begin{array}{|c|c||c|}a&b&S\\\hline 0&0&1\\0&1&1\\1&0&1\\1&1&0\end{array}}$
Cases	f(n) = \begin{cases} n/2, & \mbox{if }n\mbox{ is even} \\ 3n+1, & \mbox{if }n\mbox{ is odd} \end{cases}	$f(n)={\begin{cases}n/2,&{\mbox{if }}n{\mbox{ is even}}\\3n+1,&{\mbox{if }}n{\mbox{ is odd}}\end{cases}}$
System of equations	\begin{cases} 3x + 5y + z &= 1 \\ 7x - 2y + 4z &= 2 \\ -6x + 3y + 2z &= 3 \end{cases}	${\begin{cases}3x+5y+z&=1\\7x-2y+4z&=2\\-6x+3y+2z&=3\end{cases}}$
Breaking up a long expression so it wraps when necessary	<math>f(x) = \sum_{n=0}^\infty a_n x^n</math> <math>= a_0 + a_1x + a_2x^2 + \cdots</math>	$f(x)=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }a_{n}x^{n}$ $=a_{0}+a_{1}x+a_{2}x^{2}+\cdots$
Multiline equations	\begin{align} f(x) & = (a+b)^2 \\ & = a^2+2ab+b^2 \end{align}	${\begin{aligned}f(x)&=(a+b)^{2}\\&=a^{2}+2ab+b^{2}\end{aligned}}$
	\begin{alignat}{2} f(x) & = (a-b)^2 \\ & = a^2-2ab+b^2 \end{alignat}	${\begin{alignedat}{2}f(x)&=(a-b)^{2}\\&=a^{2}-2ab+b^{2}\end{alignedat}}$
Multiline equations with aligment specified (left, center, right)	\begin{array}{lcl} z & = & a \\ f(x,y,z) & = & x + y + z \end{array}	${\begin{array}{lcl}z&=&a\\f(x,y,z)&=&x+y+z\end{array}}$
	\begin{array}{lcr} z & = & a \\ f(x,y,z) & = & x + y + z \end{array}	${\begin{array}{lcr}z&=&a\\f(x,y,z)&=&x+y+z\end{array}}$

Parenthesizing big expressions, brackets, bars

Feature !! Syntax !! How it looks rendered
Bad	( \frac{1}{2} )	$({\frac {1}{2}})$
Good	\left ( \frac{1}{2} \right )	$\left({\frac {1}{2}}\right)$

You can use various delimiters with \left and \right:

Feature	Syntax	How it looks rendered
Parentheses	\left ( \frac{a}{b} \right )	$\left({\frac {a}{b}}\right)$
Brackets	\left [ \frac{a}{b} \right ] \quad \left \lbrack \frac{a}{b} \right \rbrack	$\left[{\frac {a}{b}}\right]\quad \left\lbrack {\frac {a}{b}}\right\rbrack$
Braces (note the backslash before the braces in the code)	\left \{ \frac{a}{b} \right \} \quad \left \lbrace \frac{a}{b} \right \rbrace	$\left\{{\frac {a}{b}}\right\}\quad \left\lbrace {\frac {a}{b}}\right\rbrace$
Angle brackets	\left \langle \frac{a}{b} \right \rangle	$\left\langle {\frac {a}{b}}\right\rangle$
Bars and double bars (note: "bars" provide the absolute value function)	\left | \frac{a}{b} \right \vert \left \Vert \frac{c}{d} \right \|	$\left|{\frac {a}{b}}\right\vert \left\Vert {\frac {c}{d}}\right\|$
Floor and ceiling functions:	\left \lfloor \frac{a}{b} \right \rfloor \left \lceil \frac{c}{d} \right \rceil	$\left\lfloor {\frac {a}{b}}\right\rfloor \left\lceil {\frac {c}{d}}\right\rceil$
Slashes and backslashes	\left / \frac{a}{b} \right \backslash	$\left/{\frac {a}{b}}\right\backslash$
Up, down and up-down arrows	\left \uparrow \frac{a}{b} \right \downarrow \quad \left \Uparrow \frac{a}{b} \right \Downarrow \quad \left \updownarrow \frac{a}{b} \right \Updownarrow	$\left\uparrow {\frac {a}{b}}\right\downarrow \quad \left\Uparrow {\frac {a}{b}}\right\Downarrow \quad \left\updownarrow {\frac {a}{b}}\right\Updownarrow$
Delimiters can be mixed, as long as \left and \right are both used	\left [ 0,1 \right ) \left \langle \psi \right |	$\left[0,1\right)$ $\left\langle \psi \right|$
Use \left. or \right. if you don't want a delimiter to appear:	\left . \frac{A}{B} \right \} \to X	$\left.{\frac {A}{B}}\right\}\to X$
Size of the delimiters	\big( \Big( \bigg( \Bigg( \dots \Bigg] \bigg] \Big] \big]	${\big (}{\Big (}{\bigg (}{\Bigg (}\dots {\Bigg ]}{\bigg ]}{\Big ]}{\big ]}$
	\big\{ \Big\{ \bigg\{ \Bigg\{ \dots \Bigg\rangle \bigg\rangle \Big\rangle \big\rangle	${\big \{}{\Big \{}{\bigg \{}{\Bigg \{}\dots {\Bigg \rangle }{\bigg \rangle }{\Big \rangle }{\big \rangle }$
	\big| \Big| \bigg| \Bigg| \dots \Bigg\| \bigg\| \Big\| \big\|	${\big |}{\Big |}{\bigg |}{\Bigg |}\dots {\Bigg \|}{\bigg \|}{\Big \|}{\big \|}$
	\big\lfloor \Big\lfloor \bigg\lfloor \Bigg\lfloor \dots \Bigg\rceil \bigg\rceil \Big\rceil \big\rceil	${\big \lfloor }{\Big \lfloor }{\bigg \lfloor }{\Bigg \lfloor }\dots {\Bigg \rceil }{\bigg \rceil }{\Big \rceil }{\big \rceil }$
	\big\uparrow \Big\uparrow \bigg\uparrow \Bigg\uparrow \dots \Bigg\Downarrow \bigg\Downarrow \Big\Downarrow \big\Downarrow	${\big \uparrow }{\Big \uparrow }{\bigg \uparrow }{\Bigg \uparrow }\dots {\Bigg \Downarrow }{\bigg \Downarrow }{\Big \Downarrow }{\big \Downarrow }$
	\big\updownarrow \Big\updownarrow \bigg\updownarrow \Bigg\updownarrow \dots \Bigg\Updownarrow \bigg\Updownarrow \Big\Updownarrow \big\Updownarrow	${\big \updownarrow }{\Big \updownarrow }{\bigg \updownarrow }{\Bigg \updownarrow }\dots {\Bigg \Updownarrow }{\bigg \Updownarrow }{\Big \Updownarrow }{\big \Updownarrow }$
	\big / \Big / \bigg / \Bigg / \dots \Bigg\backslash \bigg\backslash \Big\backslash \big\backslash	${\big /}{\Big /}{\bigg /}{\Bigg /}\dots {\Bigg \backslash }{\bigg \backslash }{\Big \backslash }{\big \backslash }$

Alphabets and typefaces

Texvc cannot render arbitrary Unicode characters. Those it can handle can be entered by the expressions below. For others, such as Cyrillic, they can be entered as Unicode or HTML entities in running text, but cannot be used in displayed formulas.

Greek alphabet
\Alpha \Beta \Gamma \Delta \Epsilon \Zeta	$\mathrm {A} \mathrm {B} \Gamma \Delta \mathrm {E} \mathrm {Z} \,$
\Eta \Theta \Iota \Kappa \Lambda \Mu	$\mathrm {H} \Theta \mathrm {I} \mathrm {K} \Lambda \mathrm {M} \,$
\Nu \Xi \Omicron \Pi \Rho \Sigma \Tau	$\mathrm {N} \Xi O\Pi \mathrm {P} \Sigma \mathrm {T} \,$
\Upsilon \Phi \Chi \Psi \Omega	$\Upsilon \Phi \mathrm {X} \Psi \Omega \,$
\alpha \beta \gamma \delta \epsilon \zeta	$\alpha \beta \gamma \delta \epsilon \zeta \,$
\eta \theta \iota \kappa \lambda \mu	$\eta \theta \iota \kappa \lambda \mu \,$
\nu \xi \omicron \pi \rho \sigma \tau	$\nu \xi \pi o\rho \sigma \tau \,$
\upsilon \phi \chi \psi \omega	$\upsilon \phi \chi \psi \omega \,$
\varepsilon \digamma \vartheta \varkappa	$\varepsilon \digamma \vartheta \varkappa \,$
\varpi \varrho \varsigma \varphi	$\varpi \varrho \varsigma \varphi \,$
Blackboard Bold/Scripts
\mathbb{A} \mathbb{B} \mathbb{C} \mathbb{D} \mathbb{E} \mathbb{F} \mathbb{G}	$\mathbb {A} \mathbb {B} \mathbb {C} \mathbb {D} \mathbb {E} \mathbb {F} \mathbb {G} \,$
\mathbb{H} \mathbb{I} \mathbb{J} \mathbb{K} \mathbb{L} \mathbb{M}	$\mathbb {H} \mathbb {I} \mathbb {J} \mathbb {K} \mathbb {L} \mathbb {M} \,$
\mathbb{N} \mathbb{O} \mathbb{P} \mathbb{Q} \mathbb{R} \mathbb{S} \mathbb{T}	$\mathbb {N} \mathbb {O} \mathbb {P} \mathbb {Q} \mathbb {R} \mathbb {S} \mathbb {T} \,$
\mathbb{U} \mathbb{V} \mathbb{W} \mathbb{X} \mathbb{Y} \mathbb{Z}	$\mathbb {U} \mathbb {V} \mathbb {W} \mathbb {X} \mathbb {Y} \mathbb {Z} \,$
\C \N \Q \R \Z	$\mathbb {C} \mathbb {N} \mathbb {Q} \mathbb {R} \mathbb {Z}$
boldface (vectors)
\mathbf{A} \mathbf{B} \mathbf{C} \mathbf{D} \mathbf{E} \mathbf{F} \mathbf{G}	$\mathbf {A} \mathbf {B} \mathbf {C} \mathbf {D} \mathbf {E} \mathbf {F} \mathbf {G} \,$
\mathbf{H} \mathbf{I} \mathbf{J} \mathbf{K} \mathbf{L} \mathbf{M}	$\mathbf {H} \mathbf {I} \mathbf {J} \mathbf {K} \mathbf {L} \mathbf {M} \,$
\mathbf{N} \mathbf{O} \mathbf{P} \mathbf{Q} \mathbf{R} \mathbf{S} \mathbf{T}	$\mathbf {N} \mathbf {O} \mathbf {P} \mathbf {Q} \mathbf {R} \mathbf {S} \mathbf {T} \,$
\mathbf{U} \mathbf{V} \mathbf{W} \mathbf{X} \mathbf{Y} \mathbf{Z}	$\mathbf {U} \mathbf {V} \mathbf {W} \mathbf {X} \mathbf {Y} \mathbf {Z} \,$
\mathbf{a} \mathbf{b} \mathbf{c} \mathbf{d} \mathbf{e} \mathbf{f} \mathbf{g}	$\mathbf {a} \mathbf {b} \mathbf {c} \mathbf {d} \mathbf {e} \mathbf {f} \mathbf {g} \,$
\mathbf{h} \mathbf{i} \mathbf{j} \mathbf{k} \mathbf{l} \mathbf{m}	$\mathbf {h} \mathbf {i} \mathbf {j} \mathbf {k} \mathbf {l} \mathbf {m} \,$
\mathbf{n} \mathbf{o} \mathbf{p} \mathbf{q} \mathbf{r} \mathbf{s} \mathbf{t}	$\mathbf {n} \mathbf {o} \mathbf {p} \mathbf {q} \mathbf {r} \mathbf {s} \mathbf {t} \,$
\mathbf{u} \mathbf{v} \mathbf{w} \mathbf{x} \mathbf{y} \mathbf{z}	$\mathbf {u} \mathbf {v} \mathbf {w} \mathbf {x} \mathbf {y} \mathbf {z} \,$
\mathbf{0} \mathbf{1} \mathbf{2} \mathbf{3} \mathbf{4}	$\mathbf {0} \mathbf {1} \mathbf {2} \mathbf {3} \mathbf {4} \,$
\mathbf{5} \mathbf{6} \mathbf{7} \mathbf{8} \mathbf{9}	$\mathbf {5} \mathbf {6} \mathbf {7} \mathbf {8} \mathbf {9} \,$
Boldface (greek)
\boldsymbol{\Alpha} \boldsymbol{\Beta} \boldsymbol{\Gamma} \boldsymbol{\Delta} \boldsymbol{\Epsilon} \boldsymbol{\Zeta}	${\boldsymbol {\mathrm {A} }}{\boldsymbol {\mathrm {B} }}{\boldsymbol {\Gamma }}{\boldsymbol {\Delta }}{\boldsymbol {\mathrm {E} }}{\boldsymbol {\mathrm {Z} }}\,$
\boldsymbol{\Eta} \boldsymbol{\Theta} \boldsymbol{\Iota} \boldsymbol{\Kappa} \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \boldsymbol{\Mu}	${\boldsymbol {\mathrm {H} }}{\boldsymbol {\Theta }}{\boldsymbol {\mathrm {I} }}{\boldsymbol {\mathrm {K} }}{\boldsymbol {\Lambda }}{\boldsymbol {\mathrm {M} }}\,$
\boldsymbol{\Nu} \boldsymbol{\Xi} \boldsymbol{\Pi} \boldsymbol{\Rho} \boldsymbol{\Sigma} \boldsymbol{\Tau}	${\boldsymbol {\mathrm {N} }}{\boldsymbol {\Xi }}{\boldsymbol {\Pi }}{\boldsymbol {\mathrm {P} }}{\boldsymbol {\Sigma }}{\boldsymbol {\mathrm {T} }}\,$
\boldsymbol{\Upsilon} \boldsymbol{\Phi} \boldsymbol{\Chi} \boldsymbol{\Psi} \boldsymbol{\Omega}	${\boldsymbol {\Upsilon }}{\boldsymbol {\Phi }}{\boldsymbol {\mathrm {X} }}{\boldsymbol {\Psi }}{\boldsymbol {\Omega }}\,$
\boldsymbol{\alpha} \boldsymbol{\beta} \boldsymbol{\gamma} \boldsymbol{\delta} \boldsymbol{\epsilon} \boldsymbol{\zeta}	${\boldsymbol {\alpha }}{\boldsymbol {\beta }}{\boldsymbol {\gamma }}{\boldsymbol {\delta }}{\boldsymbol {\epsilon }}{\boldsymbol {\zeta }}\,$
\boldsymbol{\eta} \boldsymbol{\theta} \boldsymbol{\iota} \boldsymbol{\kappa} \boldsymbol{\lambda} \boldsymbol{\mu}	${\boldsymbol {\eta }}{\boldsymbol {\theta }}{\boldsymbol {\iota }}{\boldsymbol {\kappa }}{\boldsymbol {\lambda }}{\boldsymbol {\mu }}\,$
\boldsymbol{\nu} \boldsymbol{\xi} \boldsymbol{\pi} \boldsymbol{\rho} \boldsymbol{\sigma} \boldsymbol{\tau}	${\boldsymbol {\nu }}{\boldsymbol {\xi }}{\boldsymbol {\pi }}{\boldsymbol {\rho }}{\boldsymbol {\sigma }}{\boldsymbol {\tau }}\,$
\boldsymbol{\upsilon} \boldsymbol{\phi} \boldsymbol{\chi} \boldsymbol{\psi} \boldsymbol{\omega}	${\boldsymbol {\upsilon }}{\boldsymbol {\phi }}{\boldsymbol {\chi }}{\boldsymbol {\psi }}{\boldsymbol {\omega }}\,$
\boldsymbol{\varepsilon} \boldsymbol{\digamma} \boldsymbol{\vartheta} \boldsymbol{\varkappa}	${\boldsymbol {\varepsilon }}{\boldsymbol {\digamma }}{\boldsymbol {\vartheta }}{\boldsymbol {\varkappa }}\,$
\boldsymbol{\varpi} \boldsymbol{\varrho} \boldsymbol{\varsigma} \boldsymbol{\varphi}	${\boldsymbol {\varpi }}{\boldsymbol {\varrho }}{\boldsymbol {\varsigma }}{\boldsymbol {\varphi }}\,$
Italics
\mathit{A} \mathit{B} \mathit{C} \mathit{D} \mathit{E} \mathit{F} \mathit{G}	${\mathit {A}}{\mathit {B}}{\mathit {C}}{\mathit {D}}{\mathit {E}}{\mathit {F}}{\mathit {G}}\,$
\mathit{H} \mathit{I} \mathit{J} \mathit{K} \mathit{L} \mathit{M}	${\mathit {H}}{\mathit {I}}{\mathit {J}}{\mathit {K}}{\mathit {L}}{\mathit {M}}\,$
\mathit{N} \mathit{O} \mathit{P} \mathit{Q} \mathit{R} \mathit{S} \mathit{T}	${\mathit {N}}{\mathit {O}}{\mathit {P}}{\mathit {Q}}{\mathit {R}}{\mathit {S}}{\mathit {T}}\,$
\mathit{U} \mathit{V} \mathit{W} \mathit{X} \mathit{Y} \mathit{Z}	${\mathit {U}}{\mathit {V}}{\mathit {W}}{\mathit {X}}{\mathit {Y}}{\mathit {Z}}\,$
\mathit{a} \mathit{b} \mathit{c} \mathit{d} \mathit{e} \mathit{f} \mathit{g}	${\mathit {a}}{\mathit {b}}{\mathit {c}}{\mathit {d}}{\mathit {e}}{\mathit {f}}{\mathit {g}}\,$
\mathit{h} \mathit{i} \mathit{j} \mathit{k} \mathit{l} \mathit{m}	${\mathit {h}}{\mathit {i}}{\mathit {j}}{\mathit {k}}{\mathit {l}}{\mathit {m}}\,$
\mathit{n} \mathit{o} \mathit{p} \mathit{q} \mathit{r} \mathit{s} \mathit{t}	${\mathit {n}}{\mathit {o}}{\mathit {p}}{\mathit {q}}{\mathit {r}}{\mathit {s}}{\mathit {t}}\,$
\mathit{u} \mathit{v} \mathit{w} \mathit{x} \mathit{y} \mathit{z}	${\mathit {u}}{\mathit {v}}{\mathit {w}}{\mathit {x}}{\mathit {y}}{\mathit {z}}\,$
\mathit{0} \mathit{1} \mathit{2} \mathit{3} \mathit{4}	${\mathit {0}}{\mathit {1}}{\mathit {2}}{\mathit {3}}{\mathit {4}}\,$
\mathit{5} \mathit{6} \mathit{7} \mathit{8} \mathit{9}	${\mathit {5}}{\mathit {6}}{\mathit {7}}{\mathit {8}}{\mathit {9}}\,$
Roman typeface
\mathrm{A} \mathrm{B} \mathrm{C} \mathrm{D} \mathrm{E} \mathrm{F} \mathrm{G}	$\mathrm {A} \mathrm {B} \mathrm {C} \mathrm {D} \mathrm {E} \mathrm {F} \mathrm {G} \,$
\mathrm{H} \mathrm{I} \mathrm{J} \mathrm{K} \mathrm{L} \mathrm{M}	$\mathrm {H} \mathrm {I} \mathrm {J} \mathrm {K} \mathrm {L} \mathrm {M} \,$
\mathrm{N} \mathrm{O} \mathrm{P} \mathrm{Q} \mathrm{R} \mathrm{S} \mathrm{T}	$\mathrm {N} \mathrm {O} \mathrm {P} \mathrm {Q} \mathrm {R} \mathrm {S} \mathrm {T} \,$
\mathrm{U} \mathrm{V} \mathrm{W} \mathrm{X} \mathrm{Y} \mathrm{Z}	$\mathrm {U} \mathrm {V} \mathrm {W} \mathrm {X} \mathrm {Y} \mathrm {Z} \,$
\mathrm{a} \mathrm{b} \mathrm{c} \mathrm{d} \mathrm{e} \mathrm{f} \mathrm{g}	$\mathrm {a} \mathrm {b} \mathrm {c} \mathrm {d} \mathrm {e} \mathrm {f} \mathrm {g} \,$
\mathrm{h} \mathrm{i} \mathrm{j} \mathrm{k} \mathrm{l} \mathrm{m}	$\mathrm {h} \mathrm {i} \mathrm {j} \mathrm {k} \mathrm {l} \mathrm {m} \,$
\mathrm{n} \mathrm{o} \mathrm{p} \mathrm{q} \mathrm{r} \mathrm{s} \mathrm{t}	$\mathrm {n} \mathrm {o} \mathrm {p} \mathrm {q} \mathrm {r} \mathrm {s} \mathrm {t} \,$
\mathrm{u} \mathrm{v} \mathrm{w} \mathrm{x} \mathrm{y} \mathrm{z}	$\mathrm {u} \mathrm {v} \mathrm {w} \mathrm {x} \mathrm {y} \mathrm {z} \,$
\mathrm{0} \mathrm{1} \mathrm{2} \mathrm{3} \mathrm{4}	$\mathrm {0} \mathrm {1} \mathrm {2} \mathrm {3} \mathrm {4} \,$
\mathrm{5} \mathrm{6} \mathrm{7} \mathrm{8} \mathrm{9}	$\mathrm {5} \mathrm {6} \mathrm {7} \mathrm {8} \mathrm {9} \,$
Fraktur typeface
\mathfrak{A} \mathfrak{B} \mathfrak{C} \mathfrak{D} \mathfrak{E} \mathfrak{F} \mathfrak{G}	${\mathfrak {A}}{\mathfrak {B}}{\mathfrak {C}}{\mathfrak {D}}{\mathfrak {E}}{\mathfrak {F}}{\mathfrak {G}}\,$
\mathfrak{H} \mathfrak{I} \mathfrak{J} \mathfrak{K} \mathfrak{L} \mathfrak{M}	${\mathfrak {H}}{\mathfrak {I}}{\mathfrak {J}}{\mathfrak {K}}{\mathfrak {L}}{\mathfrak {M}}\,$
\mathfrak{N} \mathfrak{O} \mathfrak{P} \mathfrak{Q} \mathfrak{R} \mathfrak{S} \mathfrak{T}	${\mathfrak {N}}{\mathfrak {O}}{\mathfrak {P}}{\mathfrak {Q}}{\mathfrak {R}}{\mathfrak {S}}{\mathfrak {T}}\,$
\mathfrak{U} \mathfrak{V} \mathfrak{W} \mathfrak{X} \mathfrak{Y} \mathfrak{Z}	${\mathfrak {U}}{\mathfrak {V}}{\mathfrak {W}}{\mathfrak {X}}{\mathfrak {Y}}{\mathfrak {Z}}\,$
\mathfrak{a} \mathfrak{b} \mathfrak{c} \mathfrak{d} \mathfrak{e} \mathfrak{f} \mathfrak{g}	${\mathfrak {a}}{\mathfrak {b}}{\mathfrak {c}}{\mathfrak {d}}{\mathfrak {e}}{\mathfrak {f}}{\mathfrak {g}}\,$
\mathfrak{h} \mathfrak{i} \mathfrak{j} \mathfrak{k} \mathfrak{l} \mathfrak{m}	${\mathfrak {h}}{\mathfrak {i}}{\mathfrak {j}}{\mathfrak {k}}{\mathfrak {l}}{\mathfrak {m}}\,$
\mathfrak{n} \mathfrak{o} \mathfrak{p} \mathfrak{q} \mathfrak{r} \mathfrak{s} \mathfrak{t}	${\mathfrak {n}}{\mathfrak {o}}{\mathfrak {p}}{\mathfrak {q}}{\mathfrak {r}}{\mathfrak {s}}{\mathfrak {t}}\,$
\mathfrak{u} \mathfrak{v} \mathfrak{w} \mathfrak{x} \mathfrak{y} \mathfrak{z}	${\mathfrak {u}}{\mathfrak {v}}{\mathfrak {w}}{\mathfrak {x}}{\mathfrak {y}}{\mathfrak {z}}\,$
\mathfrak{0} \mathfrak{1} \mathfrak{2} \mathfrak{3} \mathfrak{4}	${\mathfrak {0}}{\mathfrak {1}}{\mathfrak {2}}{\mathfrak {3}}{\mathfrak {4}}\,$
\mathfrak{5} \mathfrak{6} \mathfrak{7} \mathfrak{8} \mathfrak{9}	${\mathfrak {5}}{\mathfrak {6}}{\mathfrak {7}}{\mathfrak {8}}{\mathfrak {9}}\,$
Calligraphy/Script
\mathcal{A} \mathcal{B} \mathcal{C} \mathcal{D} \mathcal{E} \mathcal{F} \mathcal{G}	${\mathcal {A}}{\mathcal {B}}{\mathcal {C}}{\mathcal {D}}{\mathcal {E}}{\mathcal {F}}{\mathcal {G}}\,$
\mathcal{H} \mathcal{I} \mathcal{J} \mathcal{K} \mathcal{L} \mathcal{M}	${\mathcal {H}}{\mathcal {I}}{\mathcal {J}}{\mathcal {K}}{\mathcal {L}}{\mathcal {M}}\,$
\mathcal{N} \mathcal{O} \mathcal{P} \mathcal{Q} \mathcal{R} \mathcal{S} \mathcal{T}	${\mathcal {N}}{\mathcal {O}}{\mathcal {P}}{\mathcal {Q}}{\mathcal {R}}{\mathcal {S}}{\mathcal {T}}\,$
\mathcal{U} \mathcal{V} \mathcal{W} \mathcal{X} \mathcal{Y} \mathcal{Z}	${\mathcal {U}}{\mathcal {V}}{\mathcal {W}}{\mathcal {X}}{\mathcal {Y}}{\mathcal {Z}}\,$
Hebrew
\aleph \beth \gimel \daleth	$\aleph \beth \gimel \daleth \,$

Feature	Syntax	How it looks rendered
non-italicised characters	\mbox{abc}	${\mbox{abc}}$	${\mbox{abc}}\,$
mixed italics (bad)	\mbox{if} n \mbox{is even}	${\mbox{if}}n{\mbox{is even}}$	${\mbox{if}}n{\mbox{is even}}\,$
mixed italics (good)	\mbox{if }n\mbox{ is even}	${\mbox{if }}n{\mbox{ is even}}$	${\mbox{if }}n{\mbox{ is even}}\,$
mixed italics (more legible: ~ is a non-breaking space, while "\ " forces a space)	\mbox{if}~n\ \mbox{is even}	${\mbox{if}}~n\ {\mbox{is even}}$	${\mbox{if}}~n\ {\mbox{is even}}\,$

Color

Equations can use color:

• {\color{Blue}x^2}+{\color{YellowOrange}2x}-{\color{OliveGreen}1}

  ${\color {Blue}x^{2}}+{\color {YellowOrange}2x}-{\color {OliveGreen}1}$

• x_{1,2}=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{\color{Red}b^2-4ac}}{2a}

  $x_{1,2}={\frac {-b\pm {\sqrt {\color {Red}b^{2}-4ac}}}{2a}}$

It is also possible to change the background color (since r59550), as in the following example:

Background	Wikicode	Rendering (in PNG)
White	e^{i \pi} + 1 = 0	$e^{i\pi }+1=0\,$
	\definecolor{orange}{RGB}{255,165,0}\pagecolor{orange}e^{i \pi} + 1 = 0	$\definecolor {orange}{rgb}{1,0.6470588235294118,0}\pagecolor {orange}e^{i\pi }+1=0\,$
Orange	e^{i \pi} + 1 = 0	$e^{i\pi }+1=0\,$
	\definecolor{orange}{RGB}{255,165,0}\pagecolor{orange}e^{i \pi} + 1 = 0	$\definecolor {orange}{rgb}{1,0.6470588235294118,0}\pagecolor {orange}e^{i\pi }+1=0\,$

See here for all named colors supported by LaTeX.

Note that color should not be used as the only way to identify something, because it will become meaningless on black-and-white media or for color-blind people. See en:Wikipedia:Manual of Style.

Formatting issues

Spacing

Note that TeX handles most spacing automatically, but you may sometimes want manual control.

Feature	Syntax	How it looks rendered
double quad space	a \qquad b	$a\qquad b$
quad space	a \quad b	$a\quad b$
text space	a\ b	$a\ b$
text space without PNG conversion	a \mbox{ } b	$a{\mbox{ }}b$
large space	a\;b	$a\;b$
medium space	a\>b	[not supported]
small space	a\,b	$a\,b$
no space	ab	$ab\,$
small negative space	a\!b	$a\!b$

Automatic spacing may be broken in very long expressions (because they produce an overfull hbox in TeX):

<math>0+1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9+10+11+12+13+14+15+16+17+18+19+20+\cdots</math>

$0+1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9+10+11+12+13+14+15+16+17+18+19+20+\cdots$

This can be remedied by putting a pair of braces { } around the whole expression:

<math>{0+1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9+10+11+12+13+14+15+16+17+18+19+20+\cdots}</math>

${0+1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9+10+11+12+13+14+15+16+17+18+19+20+\cdots }$

Alignment with normal text flow

Due to the default css

img.tex { vertical-align: middle; }

an inline expression like $\int _{-N}^{N}e^{x}\,dx$ should look good.

If you need to align it otherwise, use <math style="vertical-align:-100%;">...</math> and play with the vertical-align argument until you get it right; however, how it looks may depend on the browser and the browser settings.

Also note that if you rely on this workaround, if/when the rendering on the server gets fixed in future releases, as a result of this extra manual offset your formulae will suddenly be aligned incorrectly. So use it sparingly, if at all.

Commutative diagrams

1 step method

${\begin{array}{lcl}&X&{\overset {f}{\rightarrow }}&Z&\\&g\downarrow &&\downarrow g'\\&Y&{\underset {f'}{\rightarrow }}&W&\\\end{array}}$

<math>
\begin{array}{lcl}
 & X & \overset{f}\rightarrow & Z & \\
 & g \downarrow && \downarrow g'\\
 & Y & \underset{f'}\rightarrow & W & \\
\end{array}
</math>

3 step method

A sample commutative diagram, created in the manner described

To make a commutative diagram, there are three steps:

1. write the diagram in TeX
2. convert to SVG
3. upload the file to Wikimedia Commons

Diagrams in TeX

Xy-pic (online manual) is the most powerful and general-purpose diagram package in TeX. Diagrams created using it can be found at Commons: Category:Xy-pic diagrams.

Simpler packages include:

• AMS's amscd
• Paul Taylor's diagrams
• François Borceux Diagrams

The following is a template for Xy-pic:

\documentclass[border=10pt]{standalone} % Crop to size, remove page numbers, leave margin
\usepackage[all]{xy} % Loading the XY-Pic package
\begin{document}
\SelectTips{eu}{} % Euler (shorter) arrowheads (tips)
$$
\xymatrix{
%%% Diagram goes here %%%
}
$$
\end{document}

Using postscript drivers may in some cases give smoother curves and will handle fonts differently:

\usepackage[all, ps, dvips]{xy}

Convert to SVG

Once you have produced your diagram in LaTeX (or TeX), you can convert it to an SVG file using the following sequence of commands:

pdflatex file.tex
pdf2svg file.pdf file.svg

The pdfcrop and pdf2svg utilities are needed for this procedure. You can alternatively use pdf2svg from PDFTron for the last step.

If you do not have pdfTeX (which is unlikely) you can use the following commands to replace the first step (TeX → PDF):

latex file.tex
dvipdfm file.dvi

In general, you will not be able to get anywhere with diagrams without TeX and Ghostscript, and the inkscape program is a useful tool for creating or modifying your diagrams by hand. There is also a utility pstoedit which supports direct conversion from Postscript files to many vector graphics formats, but it requires a non-free plugin to convert to SVG, and regardless of the format, this editor has not been successful in using it to convert diagrams with diagonal arrows from TeX-created files.

These programs are:

• a working TeX distribution, such as TeX Live
• Ghostscript
• pstoedit
• Inkscape

Upload the file

See also: commons:Commons:First steps/Upload form

See also: Help:Contents/Images and media

As the diagram is your own work, upload it to Wikimedia Commons, so that all projects (notably, all languages) can use it without having to copy it to their language's Wiki. (If you've previously uploaded a file to somewhere other than Commons, to Commons.)

Check size

Before uploading, check that the default size of the image is neither too large nor too small by opening in an SVG application and viewing at default size (100% scaling), otherwise adjust the -y option to dvips.

Name

Make sure the file has a meaningful name.

Upload

Login to Wikimedia Commons, then upload the file; for the Summary, give a brief description.

Now go to the image page and add a description, including the source code, using this template:

{{Information
 |description =
     {{en|1= '''Description [[:en:Link to WP page|topic]]'''}}
 |source = {{own}}, created as per:
  [[:en:Help:Displaying a formula#Commutative diagrams]];
  source code below.
 |date = '''The Creation Date, like 1999-12-31'''
 |author = '''[[User:YourUserName|Your Real Name]]'''
 |permission = {{self|PD-self '''(or [[commons:Licensing#Well-known licenses|other license]])'''
     |author = '''[[User:YourUserName|Your Real Name]]'''}}
}}

====TeX source====

<syntaxhighlight lang="latex">
 % TeX source here
</syntaxhighlight>
 
[[Category:Commutative diagrams]]
[[Category:Xy-pic diagrams]]
[[Category:Images with LaTeX source code]]

Source code

• Include the source code in the image page, in the Source section of the {{Information}} template, so that the diagram can be edited in future.
• Include the complete .tex file, not just the fragment, so future editors do not need to reconstruct a compilable file.
• You may optionally make the source code section collapsible, using the {{cot}} or {{cob}} templates.
• (Don't include it in the Summary section, which is just supposed to be a summary.)

License

The most common license for commutative diagrams is PD-self; some use PD-ineligible, especially for simple diagrams, or other licenses. Please do not use the GFDL, as it requires the entire text of the GFDL to be attached to any document that uses the diagram.

Description

If possible, link to a Wikipedia page relevant to the diagram. (The 1= is necessary if you use nest templates within the description, and harmless otherwise.)

Category

Include [[Category:Commutative diagrams]], so that it appears in commons:Category:Commutative diagrams. There are also subcategories, which you may choose to use.

Include image

Now include the image on the original page via [[File:Diagram.svg]]

Examples

A sample conforming diagram is commons:File:PSU-PU.svg.

Chemistry

Technically, <math chem>...</math> is a math tag with the extension mhchem enabled, according to the MathJax documentation.

Note, that the commands \cee and \cf are disabled, because they are marked as deprecated in the mhchem LaTeX package documentation.

Please note that there are still major issues with mhchem support in MediaWiki.

Molecular and Condensed formula
Markup Renders as <math chem>H2O</math> $H2O$ <math chem>Sb2O3</math> $Sb2O3$ <math chem>(NH4)2S</math> $(NH4)2S$
Bonds
Markup Renders as <math chem>C6H5-CHO</math> $C6H5-CHO$ <math chem>A-B=C{\equiv}D</math> $A-B=C{\equiv }D$
Charges
Markup Renders as <math chem>H+</math> $H+$ <math chem>NO3-</math> $NO3-$ <math chem>CrO4^2-</math> $CrO4^{2}-$ <math chem>AgCl2-</math> $AgCl2-$ <math chem>[AgCl2]-</math> $[AgCl2]-$ <math chem>Y^{99}+</math> <math chem>Y^{99+}</math> $Y^{99}+$ $Y^{99+}$
Addition Compounds and Stoichiometric Numbers
Markup Renders as <math chem>MgSO4.7H2O</math> $MgSO4.7H2O$ <math chem>KCr(SO4)2*12H2O</math> $KCr(SO4)2*12H2O$ <math chem>{CaSO4.1/2H2O} + 1\!1/2H2O -> CaSO4.2H2O</math> ${CaSO4.1/2H2O}+1\!1/2H2O->CaSO4.2H2O$ <math chem>{25/2O2} + C8H18 -> {8CO2} + 9H2O</math> ${25/2O2}+C8H18->{8CO2}+9H2O$
Greek characters
Markup Renders as <math chem>\mu-Cl</math> $\mu -Cl$ <math chem>[Fe(\eta^5-C5H5)2]</math> $[Fe(\eta ^{5}-C5H5)2]$
Isotopes
Markup Renders as <math chem>^{227}_{90}Th+</math> $_{90}^{227}Th+$ <math chem>^0_{-1}n-</math> $_{-1}^{0}n-$
States
Markup Renders as <math chem>H2_{(aq)}</math> $H2_{(aq)}$ <math chem>CO3^{2-}{(aq)}</math> $CO3^{2-}{(aq)}$

(Italic) Math

mhchem	Markup <math chem>{C_\mathit{x}H_\mathit{y}} + \mathit{z}O2 -> {\mathit{x}CO2} + \frac{\mathit{y}}{2}H2O</math> Renders as ${C_{\mathit {x}}H_{\mathit {y}}}+{\mathit {z}}O2->{{\mathit {x}}CO2}+{\frac {\mathit {y}}{2}}H2O$

Oxidation States

mhchem	Markup <math chem>Fe^{II}Fe^{III}2O4</math> Renders as $Fe^{II}Fe^{III}2O4$

Precipitate

mhchem	Markup <math chem>{Ba^2+} + SO4^{2-} -> BaSO4 v</math> Renders as ${Ba^{2}+}+SO4^{2-}->BaSO4v$
Equivalent HTML	Markup Ba<sup>2+</sup> + SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup> &rarr; BaSO<sub>4</sub>&darr; Renders as Ba2+ + SO42- → BaSO4↓

Reaction Arrows

Markup	Renders as
<math chem>A ->[x] B</math>	$A->[x]B$
<math chem>A ->[\text{text above}][\text{text below}] B</math>	$A->[{\text{text above}}][{\text{text below}}]B$

Comparison of arrow symbols

Markup	Renders as
<math>\rightarrow</math>	$\rightarrow$
<math>\rightleftarrows</math>	$\rightleftarrows$
<math>\rightleftharpoons</math>	$\rightleftharpoons$
<math>\leftrightarrow</math>	$\leftrightarrow$
<math>\longrightarrow</math> <math chem>-></math>	$\longrightarrow$ $->$
<math chem><=></math>	$<=>$
<math>\longleftrightarrow</math> <math chem><-></math>	$\longleftrightarrow$ $<->$

Examples

Chemistry

<math chem>C6H5-CHO</math>
$C6H5-CHO$

<math chem>{SO4^{2-}} + Ba^2+ -> BaSO4 v</math>
${SO4^{2-}}+Ba^{2}+->BaSO4v$

<math chem>H2O</math>
$H2O$

<math chem>Sb2O3</math>
$Sb2O3$

<math chem>H+</math>
$H+$

<math chem>CrO4^2-</math>
$CrO4^{2}-$

<math chem>AgCl2-</math>
$AgCl2-$

<math chem>[AgCl2]-</math>
$[AgCl2]-$

<math chem>Y^{99}+</math>
$Y^{99}+$

<math chem>Y^{99+}</math>
$Y^{99+}$

<math chem>H2_{(aq)}</math>
$H2_{(aq)}$

<math chem>NO3-</math>
$NO3-$

<math chem>(NH4)2S</math>
$(NH4)2S$

Examples of implemented TeX formulas

Quadratic polynomial

Markup	<math>ax^2 + bx + c = 0</math>
Renders as	$ax^{2}+bx+c=0$

Quadratic formula

Markup	<math>x=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{b^2-4ac}}{2a}</math>
Renders as	$x={\frac {-b\pm {\sqrt {b^{2}-4ac}}}{2a}}$

Tall parentheses and fractions

Markup	<math>2 = \left( \frac{\left(3-x\right) \times 2}{3-x} \right)</math>
Renders as	$2=\left({\frac {\left(3-x\right)\times 2}{3-x}}\right)$

Markup	<math>S_{\text{new}} = S_{\text{old}} - \frac{ \left( 5-T \right) ^2} {2}</math>
Renders as	$S_{\text{new}}=S_{\text{old}}-{\frac {\left(5-T\right)^{2}}{2}}$

Integrals

Markup	<math>\int_a^x \int_a^s f(y)\,dy\,ds = \int_a^x f(y)(x-y)\,dy</math>
Renders as	$\int _{a}^{x}\int _{a}^{s}f(y)\,dy\,ds=\int _{a}^{x}f(y)(x-y)\,dy$

Markup	<math>\int_e^{\infty}\frac {1}{t(\ln t)^2}dt = \left. \frac{-1}{\ln t} \right\vert_e^\infty = 1</math>
Renders as	$\int _{e}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{t(\ln t)^{2}}}dt=\left.{\frac {-1}{\ln t}}\right\vert _{e}^{\infty }=1$

Matrices and determinants

Markup	<math>\det(\mathsf{A}-\lambda\mathsf{I}) = 0</math>
Renders as	$\det({\mathsf {A}}-\lambda {\mathsf {I}})=0$

Summation

Markup	<math>\sum_{i=0}^{n-1} i</math>
Renders as	$\sum _{i=0}^{n-1}i$

Markup	<math>\sum_{m=1}^\infty\sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac{m^2 n}{3^m\left(m 3^n + n 3^m\right)}</math>
Renders as	$\sum _{m=1}^{\infty }\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {m^{2}n}{3^{m}\left(m3^{n}+n3^{m}\right)}}$

Differential equation

Markup	<math>u'' + p(x)u' + q(x)u=f(x),\quad x>a</math>
Renders as	$u''+p(x)u'+q(x)u=f(x),\quad x>a$

Complex numbers

Markup	<math>|\bar{z}| = |z|, |(\bar{z})^n| = |z|^n, \arg(z^n) = n \arg(z)</math>
Renders as	$|{\bar {z}}|=|z|,|({\bar {z}})^{n}|=|z|^{n},\arg(z^{n})=n\arg(z)$

Limits

Markup	<math>\lim_{z\to z_0} f(z)=f(z_0)</math>
Renders as	$\lim _{z\to z_{0}}f(z)=f(z_{0})$

Integral equation

Markup	<math>\phi_n(\kappa) = \frac{1}{4\pi^2\kappa^2} \int_0^\infty \frac{\sin(\kappa R)}{\kappa R} \frac{\partial}{\partial R} \left [ R^2\frac{\partial D_n(R)}{\partial R} \right ] \,dR</math>
Renders as	$\phi _{n}(\kappa )={\frac {1}{4\pi ^{2}\kappa ^{2}}}\int _{0}^{\infty }{\frac {\sin(\kappa R)}{\kappa R}}{\frac {\partial }{\partial R}}\left[R^{2}{\frac {\partial D_{n}(R)}{\partial R}}\right]\,dR$

Example

Markup	<math>\phi_n(\kappa) = 0.033C_n^2\kappa^{-11/3},\quad \frac{1}{L_0}\ll\kappa\ll\frac{1}{l_0}</math>
Renders as	$\phi _{n}(\kappa )=0.033C_{n}^{2}\kappa ^{-11/3},\quad {\frac {1}{L_{0}}}\ll \kappa \ll {\frac {1}{l_{0}}}$

Continuation and cases

Markup	<math>f(x) = \begin{cases} 1 & -1 \le x < 0 \\ \frac{1}{2} & x = 0 \\ 1 - x^2 & \text{otherwise} \end{cases}</math>
Renders as	$f(x)={\begin{cases}1&-1\leq x<0\\{\frac {1}{2}}&x=0\\1-x^{2}&{\text{otherwise}}\end{cases}}$

Prefixed subscript

Markup	<math>{}_pF_q(a_1,\dots,a_p;c_1,\dots,c_q;z) = \sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{(a_1)_n\cdots(a_p)_n}{(c_1)_n\cdots(c_q)_n} \frac{z^n}{n!}</math>
Renders as	${}_{p}F_{q}(a_{1},\dots ,a_{p};c_{1},\dots ,c_{q};z)=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(a_{1})_{n}\cdots (a_{p})_{n}}{(c_{1})_{n}\cdots (c_{q})_{n}}}{\frac {z^{n}}{n!}}$

Fraction and small fraction

Markup	<math>\frac{a}{b}\ \tfrac{a}{b}</math>
Renders as	${\frac {a}{b}}\ {\tfrac {a}{b}}$

Area of a quadrilateral

Markup	<math>S=dD\sin\alpha</math>
Renders as	$S=dD\sin \alpha$

Volume of a sphere-stand

Markup	<math> V = \frac{1}{6} \pi h \left [ 3 \left ( r_1^2 + r_2^2 \right ) + h^2 \right ] </math>
Renders as	$V={\frac {1}{6}}\pi h\left[3\left(r_{1}^{2}+r_{2}^{2}\right)+h^{2}\right]$

Multiple equations

The altered newline code \\[0.6ex] below adds a vertical space between the two lines of length equal to $0.6$ times the height of a single 'x' character.

Markup	<math>\begin{align} u & = \tfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(x+y) \qquad & x &= \tfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(u+v) \\[0.6ex] v & = \tfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(x-y) \qquad & y &= \tfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(u-v) \end{align}</math>
Renders as	${\begin{aligned}u&={\tfrac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}(x+y)\qquad &x&={\tfrac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}(u+v)\\[0.6ex]v&={\tfrac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}(x-y)\qquad &y&={\tfrac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}(u-v)\end{aligned}}$

External links

• A LaTeX tutorial.
• A paper introducing TeX—see page 39 onwards for a good introduction to the maths side of things.
• A paper introducing LaTeX—skip to page 49 for the math section. See page 63 for a complete reference list of symbols included in LaTeX and AMS-LaTeX.
• The Comprehensive LaTeX Symbol List.
• AMS-LaTeX guide.
• A set of public domain fixed-size math symbol bitmaps.
• MathML: A product of the W3C Math working group, is a low-level specification for describing mathematics as a basis for machine to machine communication.